Microbiology questions Flashcards by Alliyah Tomlinson

Which ONE of these statements is correct?
A) Planet Earth and the sun were formed 4.5 billion years ago
B) Planet Earth and the sun were formed 4.5 million years ago
C) Planet Earth and the sun were formed 450 billion years ago
D) Planet Earth and the sun were formed 45 billion years ago

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Which ONE of the following statements is correct? Stromatolites…
A) are sediments which contain fossils of the first reptiles that appeared on Earth
B) were formed during the stellar explosion that gave rise to Earth
C) contain microfossils that resemble contemporary bacteria
D) appeared 3.5 billion years ago but have now disappeared

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In his “prebiotic soup experiment”, Stanley Miller used a reducing atmosphere, water, heat,
inorganic compounds and lightning to produce which ONE of the following:
A) Oxygen
B) Simple unicellular organisms
C) Lipids
D) Amino acids

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Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? The Miller experiment…
A) can lead to the production of nucleobases
B) requires high H2 atmospheric concentrations that may not have been present on Earth
C) requires a huge amount of energy that could have been provided by lightning
D) does not make sense because Chandra Wickramasinghe and Fred Hoyle demonstrated that
life came from space

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Why are RNA molecules likely to have appeared before proteins and DNA?
A) Because RNA is more stable than DNA
B) Because RNA molecules are found in less evolved organisms like bacteria
C) Because the Miller experiment showed that RNA molecules can be created in prebiotic
conditions
D) Because RNA molecules can display catalytic activities

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Which one of the following reactions CANNOT be carried out by ribozymes?
A) RNA cleavage
B) RNA ligation
C) Formation of peptide bonds
D) Reverse transcription (production of DNA)

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Which ONE of these properties describes phospholipids best?
A) They are hydrophilic molecules
B) They are hydrophobic molecules
C) They are neither hydrophilic nor hydrophilic
D) They are both hydrophilic and hydrophilic

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Which scientists have proposed the concept of panspermia? Pick ONE correct answer
A) Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe
B) Fred Hoyle and Paul Nurse
C) Chandra Wickramasinghe and Fred Sirieix
D) Fred Sirieix and Thomas Cech

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Which molecule is key to the apparition of compartmentalisation?
A) RNA
B) Fatty acids
C) Phospholipids
D) Amino acids

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What is the major issue associated with panspermia?
A) Life cannot come from space
B) Very little experimental evidence underpins this theory
C) Only viruses have ever been isolated from asteroids
D) Only bacteria have ever been isolated from asteroids

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Which one of these statements is correct?
A) The three domains of life were described by Carl Linnaeus
B) The binomial nomenclature was established by Carl Woese
C) The definition of 5 kingdoms followed the identification of the three domains of life
D) Taxonomy has preceded phylogenetic studies

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Which ONE of the following domains was NOT proposed by Carl Woese?
A) Archaea
B) Protista
C) Eukarya
D) Bacteria

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Which ONE of the following methods is NOT based on a phenotypic analysis of microbes?
A) Fatty acid profiling
B) Metabolic profiling
C) Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation
D) Mass spectrometry

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Which one of the following statement(s) is (are) CORRECT? Fatty acids profiling…
A) is routinely used in hospital settings to identify bacteria
B) is the gold standard procedure to establish phylogenetic relationships between bacteria
C) is a taxonomic tool based on phenotypic information
D) cannot be carried out on Gram-positive bacteria as they have no outer membrane
1) A and B are correct
2) C is correct
3) All are correct
4) C and D

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Which ONE of these scientists developed the theory of 3 Domains of Life?
A) Carl Linnaeus
B) Herbert Copeland
C) Carl Woese
D) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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What process does phylogeny study?
A) Evolution
B) Natural selection
C) Mitosis
D) Meiosis

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What does taxonomy study?
A) Classification of organisms
B) Evolution
C) Cell division
D) Cell death

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Which ONE of the following is the correct order?
A) Domain/Kingdom/Phylum/Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species
B) Domain/Phylum/Kingdom/Class/Order/Genus/Species/Family
C) Domain/Species/Phylum/Class/Order/Genus/Family/Kingdom
D) Order/Kingdom/Phylum/Domain/Class/Family/Genus/Species

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Which ONE of the following methods for phenotypic analysis studies bacterial morphology?
A) Differential staining
B) Metabolic properties
C) Phage typing
D) Mass spectrometry

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When using Mass spectrometry to identify bacteria, what is used as the sample?
A) Lipids from the membrane
B) Proteins form the membrane
C) An isolate of whole bacteria
D) Circular DNA

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Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT?
A) Eukaryotic cells always contain membrane-bound organelles
B) The bacterial chromosome is attached to the mesosome
C) Chloroplasts divide by binary fission like bacteria
D) The endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in protein trafficking

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Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT?
A) Prokaryotic cells have a genome made of single stranded DNA
B) Some eukaryotic cells divide by binary fission
C) Chloroplasts have their own genome
D) The nucleolus is made of compact DNA

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Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT?
A) The nucleus is a site of active translation
B) The nucleus is a site of active transcription
C) Transcription only occurs in the nucleus
D) Active protein translation occurs in the nucleus

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Which of the following about the Golgi apparatus is CORRECT?
A) Alcohols are degraded in the Golgi apparatus
B) Vesicles from the nucleus enter the trans face of the Golgi apparatus
C) Vesicles from the nucleus enter the cis face of the Golgi apparatus
D) The Golgi apparatus can modify proteins, allowing them to specifically
target membranes

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Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? Mitochondria and chloroplasts… A) Are always present in eukaryotic cells B) Have their own genome but contain proteins encoded by the nuclear genome C) Are only found in a very limited number of bacteria D) Originate from Archae

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) The rough endoplasmic reticulum represents an active site for translation B) Sterols are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Lysosomes can degrade organelles D) Peroxysomes can degrade organelles

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts B) Transcription occurs in chloroplasts C) Ribosomes can be attached to some organelles D) Nuclear membrane vesicles can fuse with the cis face of the Golgi

Which of the following about the mitochondria is CORRECT? A) Mitochondria originate from a photosynthetic bacterium B) Mitochondria have a genome encoding proteins targeted to the chloroplasts C) Mitochondria replicate by mitosis D) Mitochondria are generating ATP

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Some organelles in eukaryotic cells are protein-bound B) Secretion in prokaryotes involves vesicles C) Bacterial chromosomes are kept compact by histones D) Histones are only found in eukaryotic cells

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) The movement of bacterial flagella corresponds to a whip-like motion B) Cilia are sometimes found in bacteria but they are rare C) Bacterial flagella are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane via the mesosome D) Flagella motion is driven by ATP hydrolysis in Eukaryotes

Which ONE of these statements is correct? A) Most fungi are unicellular organisms B) Algae can be either multicellular or unicellular C) Some Protists can carry out photosynthesis D) Slime molds are a type of fungi

Which ONE of the following statements is correct? Fungi… A) Contribute to the sulfur cycle B) Are always multicellular C) Cause a very limited number of human infections but are interesting to study D) Can be plant pathogens

Which ONE of the following statements is correct? The cell wall of fungi is made of A) Phenolic compounds such as lignin B) Polysaccharides essentially made of rhamnose C) Polysaccharides including chitin D) Amino acids

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Hyphae are the actively growing part of a mycelium B) Not all fungi form hyphae C) During their life cycle, fungi can be either haploid or diploid D) Morphology of fungi is diverse but always the same for a given species

What do unicellular algae have in common? A) They absorb light with a similar wavelength B) They can display a predatory behaviour C) They are all exclusively found in the ocean D) They carry out photosynthesis

Which one of the following property is true for the model algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii? A) Its cell wall is made of cellulose B) It has a two flagella which allow mobility in aquatic environment C) It does not undergo sexual reproduction like most unicellular algae D) It can switch to a predatory lifestyle in the dark

Which ONE of these properties describes diatoms best? A) They are a major component of the zooplankton B) They display an extraordinary range of morphologies C) They have a similar size as bacteria but are more abundant D) They have only been discovered and not much is known about their physiology

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Protozoa sometimes eat protozoa B) Some photosynthetic unicellular protists are predators feeding on other protists C) Protozoa are always found in aquatic environments D) Most predatory protozoa eat bacteria

Which ONE of these terms would you use to describe Toxoplasma gondii? A) Predator B) Endosymbiont C) Parasite D) Ciliate

What is the common property NOT shared by slime molds? A) They are essentially found in damp environments B) Their cell walls are made of cellulose C) They move using pseudopods D) They can undergo differentiation during their life cycle

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) The small size of bacteria allows them to hide from predators B) The small size of bacteria increases the volume/surface ratio C) The small size of bacteria increases the surface/volume ratio D) The small size of bacteria does not provide any selective advantage

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. The Gram stain discriminates bacteria based on the cell envelope ultrastructure 2. The Gram stain is relatively complex and hence not often used anymore 3. Gram-positive bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane 4. Gram-negative bacteria have a layer of peptidoglycan too thin to be stained by crystal violet A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 3 C) 2, 3 D) 2, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Capsules, exopolysaccharides and S-layers are never found simultaneously B) Capsules are made of proteins called capsomers C) Capsules are increasing the surface/volume ratio, increasing nutrient uptake D) Capsules are usually made of carbohydrates

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) LPS is rarely found in Gram-positive bacteria B) LPS forms a lipid bi-layer exclusively found in the outer membrane of Gram negatives bacteria C) LPS and phospholipids are the only constituents of the outer membrane D) Part of the LPS molecule is made of carbohydrates

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. Peptidoglycan is a rigid structure that plays a protective role 2. Peptidoglycan only contains a low proportion of proteins 3. Peptidoglycan is mostly found in bacteria, and in a limited number of fungi 4. Peptidoglycan is made of a single layer in Gram-positive bacteria A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 2 C) 1, 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Peptidoglycan architecture has nothing to do with the crystalline network described in textbooks B) Peptidoglycan assembly involves glycosyl transferase and transpeptidase activities C) For a given bacterium, peptidoglycan building blocks composition can change depending on the growth conditions D) Peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria and represents an attractive target for new antibiotics

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Bacterial genomes are always made of double stranded DNA B) Bacterial genomes rarely contain single stranded DNA molecules C) Some bacteria have more than one chromosome D) Some bacteria have linear chromosomes

Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? 1. Several proteins can be encoded by a single transcription unit in bacteria 2. Operons are less frequent in eukaryotes than in bacteria 3. Transcription can be carried out by 3 distinct RNA polymerases in bacteria 4. Bacterial RNA transcripts are usually heavily modified A) 1 and 4 B) 1 C) 1 and 2 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Bacteriovorus sheffieldii is an organism using light for energy source, hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor and CO2 as a carbon source. This bacterium is: A) chemolithoorganotroph B) photoorganoautotroph C) photolithoautotroph D) photolithoorganotroph

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Low temperatures increase membrane fluidity B) High temperatures (>70°C) accelerate ion transport across the cytoplasmic membane C) Mesophiles cannot grow beyond 70°C D) No bacterium can grow optimally beyond 100°C

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. The cytoplasmic membrane of psychrophiles contains a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids 2. The cytoplasmic membrane of psychrophiles is intrinsically more fluid 3. Thermophiles produce threhalose as a cryoprotectant 4. Psychrophile proteins contain more alpha helices A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 3 C) 1, 3 D) 1, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Supercoiled DNA is more fragile as it breaks more easily at high temperatures B) Supercoiled DNA is only found in thermophiles C) The composition of DNA has a direct impact on its thermostability D) G-C pairing involves 3 hydrogen bonds whilst A-T pairing involves 2 hydrogen bonds; this means that A-T rich genomes are more thermostables

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Glycerol tetraether molecules found in cytoplasmic membranes are thermostable B) The cytoplasmic membrane is always made of a lipid bilayer C) Cytoplasmic membrane disruption is always leading to cell death even if the peptidoglycan remains intact D) Ether-linked phospholipids are more stable than ester-linked phospholipids

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. Adaptation to low pHs involves the use of sodium ions instead of protons 2. At high pHs, calcium ions can be used for flagellar motion 3. At high pHs, respiration cannot proceed due to the low abundance of protons 4. Transport of sodium ions is coupled with ATP production in acidophiles A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 2 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Halophiles survive the high extracellular osmotic pressure by accumulating osmolites in their cytoplasm B) Halophiles are bacteria that are tolerant to high salt concentrations C) Enterococci can survive several hours in 1.5M NaCl; these bacteria are halophiles D) All bacteria can survive a transient exposure to high concentrations of salt (>2M)

hich ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Thermosomes are macromolecular assembly preserving DNA integrity B) DNA supercoiling is increasing the stability of the genome of some thermophiles C) The G-C content of the genome has an impact on its heat-resistance D) Thermophiles don’t need to produce cryoprotectants

Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? 1. Reactive oxygen species are by-product from oxygen metabolism 2. Reactive oxygen species are required by some bacteria to grow 3. All bacteria can detoxify reactive oxygen species 4. All Reactive oxygen species are toxic A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 4 D) 1, 3 and 4

Nastibacterium sheffieldii is an organism using light for energy source, carbohydrates as an electron donor and CO2 as a carbon source. Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? A) chemolithoorganotroph B) photoorganoautotroph C) photolithoheterotroph D) photolithoorganotroph

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Microscopic analyses can be used to measure bacterial growth B) Flow cytometry measures cell densities C) Live and dead cells cannot be distinguished using flow cytometry D) Viable counts involves plating serial dilutions of a bacterial suspension

Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? 1. Optical density does not distinguish live and dead cells 2. Low cell densities cannot be measured by optical density 3. Dry weight can be used to measure cell growth 4. Metabolic activity can be used to measure cell growth A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 2 D) 1, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is correct? A) High temperatures cannot kill spores B) Pasteurization is only used for dairy products C) Pasteurization is not killing spores D) Pasteurization is a process that does not involves autoclaving

Which ONE of the following statements is correct? Irradiation… A) Breaks bacterial cell envelopes B) Cannot be used in food industry, they could cause cancer C) Represent a powerful method to decontaminate surfaces D) Cannot work to inactivate viruses

Which ONE of the following statements is INCORRECT? 1) Sterilants such as ethylene oxide are used in food industry 2) Disinfectants can be applied on living tissues 3) Antiseptics are used to clean surfaces and objects 4) Antiseptics are used on living tissues A) 2 and 3 B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 4 D) 1, 2 and 3

Which ONE of these statements is/are INCORRECT? 1) MICs measure the death of bacteria following exposure to antibiotics 2) Antibiograms measure growth inhibition in liquid media 3) MBCs stand for Microbial Bactericidal Concentration 4) MBC is a better indicator than MIC to test the efficacy of an antibiotic A) 1 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1, 2 and 3

What is the most important statement about MIC and MBC measurements? A) MICs are routinely measured in liquid media, MBCs on agar plates B) MBCs measure death, MICs measure growth inhibition C) MICs are easy to carry out, MBCs take a bit more time D) There is no difference between MIC and MBC measurement, they provide the same info

Which one of the following property is true for antimicrobials? A) Phenolic compounds can only be used to clean objects B) Alcohols can be used as an internal antiseptic to treat both bacterial and viral infections C) Alcohol solutions only work when they are undiluted (100%) D) Bleach is a chlorinated compound that works efficiently against most (if not all) bacteria

What did Pasteur formally demonstrate? A) Bacteria can spontaneously appear B) The mode of action of penicillin C) The theory of germs D) He discovered penicillin

Which ONE of these statements about antibiotics is INCORRECT? A) Antibiotics are far more suitable than vaccines B) Some multiresistant bacteria cannot be treated by antibiotics C) Antibiotic resistance is associated with farming D) Antibiotics discovery is a time-consuming and fastidious process

What is NOT true about beta-lactams? These antibiotics are A) Cheap B) Highly active against a vast range of pathogens C) Useless D) Targeting both Gram negative and Gram positive organisms

What is the mode of action of beta-lactams? A) They inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan precursors B) They disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane integrity C) They inhibit peptidoglycan polymerisation by L,D-transpeptidases D) They covalently bind to D,D transpeptidases and prevent peptidoglycan assembly

An organism using light as an energy source, iron as an electron donor and organic compounds as carbon source is: A) photolithoautotroph B) photolithoorganotroph C) Organolithotroph D) none of the above, it does not exist

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic 2. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are identical processes 3. Phototropy can only occur in the presence of oxygen 4. Fermentation is not always using organic molecules as electron acceptors A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 3 C) 2, 3 D) 2, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Good electron donors have a negative reduction potential B) The best electron donors are organic molecules C) Electrons can be stripped from water by chemolitotrophs D) Good electron donors have a positive reduction potential

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) Electron transport is associated with ATP synthesis B) Electron transport is using a wide range of transporters C) ATP production leads to proton secretion D) ATP synthase is a membrane protein complex

Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? 1. Chemoorganotrophs can use lipids as carbon source 2. Chemoorganotrophs can use amino acids as carbon source 3. Chemoorganotrophs can use polysaccharides as carbon source 4. Chemoorganotrophs can use phenolic compounds as carbon source A) 1 and 4 B) 2 C) 1, 2, 3 and 4 D) None

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT: A) Fermentation produces less ATP than respiration B) Fermentation can use Iron as an electron acceptor in some rare cases C) Fermentation involves oxidative phosphorylations D) Fermentation can produce alcohol or lactic acid or several other compounds

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? Oxygenic respiration… A) has a very high energetic output B) can use nitrate as an electron acceptor C) is mostly found in aquatic organisms D) occurs in anaerobic Archaea

Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? 1. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are the same process 2. Anaerobic respiration can lead to the formation of methane 3. H2 is always used as an electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration 4. Nitrate can be used as an electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration A) None B) 2 C) 1 and 2 D) 1, 2 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? As an electron donor, chemolithotrophs can use A) Nitrate B) iron C) lipids D) H2

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? All phototrophic organisms… A) use light as an electron donor B) produce poigments that harvest light energy C) are able to do anaerobic respiration D) produce ATP

Which ONE of this statements is INCORRECT? A) Photosystems are different amongst bacteria B) The thylakoid organisation is conserved across bacteria C) Photosynthetic bacteria can have one or two photosynthetic systems D) Some bacteria have specific organelles to capture light

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Archaea are less diverse than bacteria B) Archaea are more closely related to Bacteria than they are to Eukarya C) Archaea require high temperatures to grow D) Unlike Eukarya, Archaea often require extreme conditions to thrive

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. Archaeal S-layer proteins can be glycosylated 2. Archaeal S-layers have been shown to be essential for cell shape maintenance 3. Archaeal S-layer have not been characterized at all so far 4. Archaea do not produce S-layer proteins A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 3 C) 2, 3 D) 2, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) All Archae are extremophiles B) All extremophiles are Archae C) Very few Archaea are extremophiles D) Most extremophiles are Archaea

Which ONE of these organisms are NOT Archaea? 1. Radiophiles 2. Hyperthermophiles 3. Methanophiles 4. Halophiles A) 1 and 4 B) 1, 3 and 4 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4

Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? 1. Pseudomurein is exclusively present in Archaea 2. Pseudomurein is rarely found in Bacteria but never in Eukarya 3. Pseudomurein is exclusively made of proteins 4. Peptidoglycan rarely found in Archaea where pseudomurein is most often found A) None B) 1 C) 1 and 2 D) 1, 2 and 4

hich ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) The composition of Archaeal membranes can underpin resistance to high teperatures B) Some Archaeal membranes contain diglycerol tetraethers lipids C) Some Archaeal membranes contain lipids never found in Bacteria D) Some Archae have no cytoplamsic membrane

Which ONE(S) of these statements are CORRECT? 1. Archaea cannot use sunlight as an energy source 2. Archaea must use chemical compounds as an energy source 3. Archaea are outcompeted by bacteria in “normal” growth conditions 4. Archaea need extreme conditions to thrive A) 1 and 4 B) 2 C) 1 and 3 D) None

Extremosus infernus is an organism using light for energy source, hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor and carbohydrates as a carbon source. This bacterium is: A) chemolithoorganotroph B) photoorganoautotroph C) photolithoheterotroph D) photolithoorganotroph

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT? A) The capsid can sometimes contain polysaccharides B) Viruses can infect insects C) Viruses are obligate parasites D) The genome of viruses is not surrounded by a capsule

Which of these features can be found in viruses? 1. Double stranded RNA 2. Double stranded DNA 3. An envelope 4. A capsid A) 2, 3 and 4 B) All C) 1, C and 4 D) 1 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? The genome of viruses is relatively small… A) Because these organisms hijack host machineries to multiply B) To avoid detection by the host immune system C) Because it uses a dedicated, simpler genetic code D) To fit in the capsid

What are the properties of a virus taken into account by the Baltimore classification? 1) The size of the genome 2) The type of cell they infect 3) The mode of replication of the virus genome 4) The types of nucleic acids making up the genome A) 1 and 3 B) 2 and 4 C) 3 and 4 D) 1, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) The nucleocapsid can contains lipids B) The nucleocapsid always contains nucleic acids C) The capsid is made of lipids D) The proteins making the capsid are called capsidomers

Which ONE of these statements is INCORRECT A) Some temperate phages can cause cell lysis B) Some temperate phages cannot cause lysis C) Some Lytic bacteriophages can also infect animal cells D) The genome of temperate bacteriophages replicates as the host genome replicates

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? The life cycle of viruses requires the production of… A) a negative strand of RNA B) a single stranded DNA molecule for transcription C) a reverse transcriptase to produce a positive strand of RNA D) a positive strand of RNA

Which ONE of these statements is the most appropriate to describe the Baltimore classification? A) It is extremely simple to remember B) It avoids a confusing nomenclature based on viruses size C) It avoids a confusing nomenclature based on viruses morphology D) It provides a set of rules that can be applied to all viruses

Which ONE of these sequences of events describes the life cycle of a virus in the CORRECT order? A) attachment, production of nucleic acid and proteins, genome injection, assembly of virions, release B) attachment, genome injection, assembly of virions, production of nucleic acid and proteins, Release C) attachment, genome injection, production of nucleic acid and proteins, assembly of virions, release D) attachment, production of nucleic acid and proteins, assembly of virions, genome injection, release

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) No bacterial predator has been described yet B) Some algae are predators and feed on other microorganisms C) Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship with not benefit for the host or symbiont D) Symbiosis always involves a eukaryotic host and a bacterium

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. Intracellular pathogens could be considered as obligate parasites 2. Commensalism can never be beneficial for the host 3. ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis are mutually exclusive 4. E. coli can be a symbiotic bacterium A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 3 C) 2, 3 D) 2, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Insects are rarely hosting symbionts B) Insects cannot establish symbiotic relationships with bacteria C) Insect symbionts are sometimes found in specialised cells called bacteriocytes D) Bacteriocytes is the name of insect symbionts

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Only some legumes can naturally fix atmospheric nitrogen B) Legumes can only use ammonium and nitrates C) Rhizobia are bacteria which allow a wide range of plants to fix atmospheric nitrogen D) Rhizobia have a rather simple genome

Which ONE(S) of these statements are INCORRECT? 1. Rhizobia produce flavonoids to adhere to plant roots 2. Rhizobia bind to polysaccharides at the surface of roots 3. NOD factors are only produced by the plant in response to flavonoids 4. Infection threads result from the elongation of Rhizobia cells A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 2 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Which ONE of these statements is CORRECT? A) Symbiosomes are membrane vesicles that contain rhizobium cells B) Rhizobia differentiate into nitrogen-fixing cells once they are released from the symbiosome C) Cystein-rich peptides produced by rhizobia are essential for their differentiation D) Rhizobia always multiply actively once they are differentiated into bacteroids

Why is it difficult to track the spread of diseases in the 14C and 15C? A because everybody is dead B burial records are not always complete and do not contain enough information C pathogens do not survive in human remains D No standard practice, so comparable data of disease symptoms and signs is not available

In 2003, the morbidity of 'hemolytic uremic syndrome' was 176, and the mortality was 29%. The morbidity of 'listeriosis' was 696; the mortality was 33%. Which disease is more likely to be fatal? A 'hemolytic uremic syndrome' B 'listeriosis' C pokerus D none

What is the function of bacterial toxins? A to prevent the growth of the organism B to cause disease C to kill the host D to reprogram host biology

Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen that may be hospital acquired? A Zika B Ebola C Clostridium difficile D HIV

What is the function of bacterial adhesins? A to evade the host immune system B to kill the host C to find a suitable niche within the host D to manipulate the biology of the host

A patient experiences pain and discomfort. These changes in the patient’s body function are referred to as: A signs B symptoms C a syndrome D infection

The cholera toxin is an example of… A a neurotoxin that causes irreversible muscle contraction B a neurotoxin that causes irreversible muscle relaxation C an enterotoxin that disrupts function of the intestine D a cytotoxin that kills host cells

Why can’t you use penicillin isolated directly from the Penicillium mold to treat viral infections? A The organism does not contain the antibiotic target B penicillin is toxic C penicillin in a raw unmodified form is rapidly excreated from the body D All of the above

If a patient enters the period of illness and does not successfully overcome the disease, what occurs? A The patient enters the period of decline B The patient enters the prodormal period C The patient enters the period of convalescence D The patient dies

Which of the following viruses has been linked to microcephaly in newborns? A Ebola virus B Marburg virus C Yellow fever virus D Zika virus

Which of the following statements about Streptococcus pneumoniae is/are true? A it is a Gram-positive bacterium B it causes all cases of pneumonia C it can cause meningitis D A and B

A + C

Neuraminidase is a surface-protein found on influenza virus particles used for strain typing, what is the other? A Hemagglutinin B Hemagglucagon C Harryglycogen D Heraglucosidase

Which of the following diseases is not normally spread by a common source? A measles B foodborne diseases C waterborne diseases D cholera

Which of the following leukocytes is part of the INNATE immune system? Natural Killer cell B lymphocyte T lymphocyte Plasma cell Red blood cell

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neutrophils? Produce hydrogen peroxide Fast moving Long-lived Most numerous phagocyte in blood Contain specialised lysosomes

Which of the following does NOT occur during inflammation? Release of prostaglandins Cytokine secretion Recruitment of innate immune cells Constriction of blood vessels Swelling of the affected area

Which of the following is INCORRECT? B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity. T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes acquire their T cell receptors in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes must bind antigen to develop further. Both B and T lymphocytes can undergo clonal selection

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of antibodies? Consist of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains Consist of compact globular domains that have an alpha helical structure Most contain a flexible “hinge” region Consist of variable (V) and constant (C) regions Have a general “Y” shape

Which of the following is INCORRECT? IgM can activate complement. IgG can act as an opsonin IgA is important in allergies IgG and IgA can neutralise toxins IgE has the lowest concentration in serum

Which of the following statements about complement is CORRECT? Complement component C5a can bind to receptors on neutrophils. Complement component C3a acts as an opsonin The membrane attack complex is effective against gram positive bacteria. Complement can only be activated by antibodies Complement component C3 causes bacterial lysis

Which of the following statements about the use of antibodies is INCORRECT Polyclonal antibodies can recognise multiple epitopes Monoclonal antibodies are more specific than polyclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies are more difficult to standardise than polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies used in therapy are usually human/humanised Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybrid cells

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Cytotoxic T cells express CD4 protein Helper T cells express CD8 protein Both helper and cytotoxic T cells can make cytokines T helper cells kill infected host cells T cells acquire their receptors in the bone marrow

Which of the following is NOT true of MHC proteins? The main role of MHC proteins is to prevent graft rejection MHCI proteins present antigen to CD8 T cells MHCII proteins present antigen to CD4 T cells MHC proteins are very polymorphic MHC proteins are encoded by a gene complex on chromosome 6

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of cytokines? Cytokines usually act locally and their activity is tightly controlled. Cytokines are only made by T cells Cytokines are generally 5 – 20kD Cytokines can induce inflammation Cytokines can induce gene expression

Which of the following statements about vaccines is CORRECT? The MMR vaccine is associated with increased risk of autism. There is a safe, effective vaccine for TB. Inactivated polio virus is an effective vaccine for polio. Vaccination with chickenpox virus protects against smallpox. The Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is an attenuated form of the virus

Which of the following statements are CORRECT? Gp120 binds to CD4 Monocytes can be infected by HIV Dendritic cells can be infected by HIV T helper cells can be infected by HIV 1. Only (a) and (d) are correct 2. Only (a) (c) and (d) are correct 3. ALL are correct 4. Only (a), (b) and (d) are correct. 5. Only (d) is correct

Which of the following is NOT a means of HIV transmission? Mother to foetus Breast feeding Contaminated needles Inhalation of aerosols from an infected person Sexual intercourse

Which of the following can be used to make vaccines? A Live, attenuated microorganisms B Killed microorganisms C Purified components of microorganisms D All of the above E None of the above

Which of the following pathogens are capable of causing pneumonia? A Respiratory Syncytial virus B Cryptococcus neoformans C Streptococcus pneumoniae D Haemophilus influenzae E All of the Above

John Snow is considered the father of epidemiology for his work on? A cholera B gonorrhea C typhoid fever D influenza E ebola

Microbiology questions Flashcards

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