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STEP 1 (4) > Microbiology-Systems > Flashcards

Microbiology-Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main normal skin flora?

A

S. epi

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2
Q

What is the main normal nare flora?

A

S. epi and colonized by S. aureus

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3
Q

What is the main normal oropharynx flora?

A

Viridans strep

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4
Q

What is the main normal dental plaque flora?

A

S. mutans

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5
Q

What is the main normal colon flora?

A

B. fragilis over E. Coli

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6
Q

What is the main normal vaginal flora?

A

Lactobacillus, colonized by E. coli and GBS

NOTE: Neonates delivered by C-section have no flora but are rapidly colonized after birth

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7
Q

______ and ______ cause food poisoning that starts quickly and ends quickly

A

S. aureus and B. cereus

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8
Q

The classic cause of food poisoning from fried rice is _______

A

B. cereus

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9
Q

The classic cause of food poisoning from improperly canned food and raw honey is _______

A

C. botulinum

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10
Q

The classic cause of food poisoning from maonnaise and custards is _______

A

S. aureus

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11
Q

What needs to be on the DDx for dysentery?

A

Campylobacter (comma or s-shaped and growth at 42C)

E histolytica (protozoan; liver abscesses)

EHEC (can cause HUS) and EIEC

Salmonella and Shigella

Y. enterocolitis (day care outbreaks and pseudoappendocitis)

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12
Q

What needs to be on the DDx for watery diarrhea?

A

C. difficile

C. perfringens (also causes gas gangrene)

ETEC (heat labile and heat stabile toxins)

Protozoa (Giardia and Crytposporidium)

V. cholerae (rice water diarrhea)

Virusus (Rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus)

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13
Q

What are the most common causes of pneumonia in children less than 4 weeks old?

A

GBS and E. Coli

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14
Q

What are the most common causes of pneumonia in children 4 weeks-18 yo?

A

Viruses (RSV)

Mycoplasma

C. trachomatis (infants- 3 yo)

C. pneumoniae (school aged)

S. pneumoniae

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15
Q

What are the most common causes of pneumonia in adults 40-65 yo?

A

S. pneumo

H. influenzae

Anaerobes, Viruses, Mycoplasma

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16
Q

What are the most common causes of pneumonia in adults 65+ yo?

A

S. pneumo

Influenza virus

Anaerobes

H. influenzae

gram negative rods

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17
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in Alcoholics and IVDU?

A

S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella, and S. aureus

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18
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in aspiration cases?

A

Anaerobes (e.g. Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacteriu Prevotella, Bacteroides)

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19
Q

Common causes of atypical pneumoniae?

A

Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia

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20
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in cystic fibrosis pts?

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus, S pneumo.

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21
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in Nosocomial (hospital acquired) cases?

A

S. aureus, Pseudomonas

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22
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in immunocompromised pts?

A

S. aurues, P. jirovecii with HIV

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23
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in 2ndary postvirally?

A

S. aureus, H. influenza, S. pneumo

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24
Q

What are the most common causes of meningitis in neonates (0-6 months old)?

A

GBS

E. Coli

Listeria

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25
What are the most common causes of meningitis in 6 mo-6 yr?
S. pneumo N. meningitidis H. influenza type B Enteroviruses
26
What are the most common causes of meningitis in 6-60 yo?
S. pneumo N. meningitis (no. 1 in teens) Enterovirsuses HSV
27
What are the most common causes of meningitis in 60+ yo?
S. pneumo Listeria Gram neg rods
28
How should meningitis be tx generally?
Vanco and ceftriaxone and add ampicillin if Listeria is suspected
29
What are the major viral causes of meningitis?
Enteroviruses (esp Coxsackievirus), HSV-2 (HSV-1 = temporal lobe encephalitis), HIV West Nile virus, VZV
30
Meningitis in HIV pt, think \_\_\_\_\_\_
Cryptococcus
31
What are the CSF findings of bacterial meningitis?
elevated opening pressure neutrophils dominant elevated protein decreased glucose
32
What are the CSF findings of viral meningitis?
normal/slightly elevated opening pressure lymphocytes normal/slightly elevated protein normal glucose
33
Brain abscesses are most commonly caused by what?
**Strep viridans and S. aureus**, or if a dental infection or extraction precedes abscess formation, consider oral anerobes
34
More hints about brain abscesses
Multiple abscesses suggest bactermia single lesions are commonly from contiguous sources such as otitis media and mastoiditis (found in the temporal lobe and cerebellum) With sinusitis or dental as the source, the frontal lobe is commonly affected
35
Brain abscesses in AIDs pts suggests \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Toxoplasma
36
Osteomyelitis in a pt without risk factors is most likely due to what?
S. aureus (most common overall)
37
Osteomyelitis in a pt who is sexually active is most likely due to what?
Neisseria gonorhoeae (rare) - septi arthritis more common
38
Osteomyelitis in a pt with SCD is most likely due to what?
Salmonella and S. aureus
39
Osteomyelitis in a pt with a rposthetic joint replacement is most likely due to what?
S, aureus or S. epi
40
Osteomyelitis in a pt with vertebral involvement is most likely due to what?
S. aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott Disease)
41
Osteomyelitis in a pt with a Hx of cat/dog bites is most likely due to what?
Pasteurella multocida
42
Osteomyelitis in a pt with a Hx of IVDU is most likely due to what?
Pseudomonas, Candida, or S. aureus
43
How should osteomyelitis be diagnosed?
MRI is best for detecting acute infections and detailing anatomic involvement. Radiographs are insensitive early but can be useful with chronic osteomyelitis
44
How does cystitis present?
dysuria. frequency, uregncy, suprapubic pain, and WBCs (but not WBC casts) in urine.Primarily due to ascension of microbes from the urethra to the bladder. Mlaes with congenital defects and vesicoureteral reflux more liekly Elderly, those with enlarged prostate
45
Describe the findings of pyelonephritis
fever, chills, flank pain, CVAT, heamturia, and WBC casts
46
What are the major UTI bugs?
E. Coli S. Sapro Klebsiella pneumoniae Serratia marcescens (often nosocomial and drug resistant)
47
Clues to diagnosing bacterial vaginosis
-No inflammation, thin white discharge with fishy odor Clue cells and pH 4.5+ Tx with metronidazole
48
Clues to diagnosing Tirchomoniasis
Strawberry cervix frothy, grey-green foul smelling discharge pH 4.5+ Tx with Metronidazole and tx partners
49
What are TORCH infections?
Microbes that may be passed vertically- transmission is transplacental in most cases, or via delivery (esp. HSV-2). Nonspecific signs common to many TORCH disease include HSM, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and growth retardation
50
What are the TORCH infections?
Toxoplasma Rubella CMV HIV HSV 2 Syphillis
51
How is Toxoplasma transmitted?
Cat feces or ingestion or undercooked meat
52
What are the maternal and neonatal manifestations of Toxoplasma?
Maternal: Usually asymptomatic or LAD Neonatal: Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intrancranical calcifications +/- **blueberry muffin rash**
53
Toxo- Chorioretinitis
54
How is Rubella transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
55
What are the maternal manifestations of Rubella?
Rash, LAD, and arthritis
56
What are the neonatal manifestations of Rubella?
PDA (pulmonary artery hypoplasia), cataracts, and deafness +/- blueberry muffin rash
57
How is CMV transmitted?
sexual or transplants
58
How does CMV present in the mom and neonate?
Maternal: asymptomatic or mono-like course Neonate: Hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, periventricular calcifications
59
How does neonatal syphillis present?
can result in stillbirth, hydrops fetalis if child survives, presents with facial abnormalities including notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla, saber shins, and deafness
60
What are the main causes of childhood rash?
Coxsackivirus type A (hand-foot-mouth disease) HHV-6 (Roseola; exanthem subitum) Measles virus Parvovirus B19 (Erythema infectiosum; 5th disease) Rubella S. pyogenes (Scarlet fever) VZV
61
Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
Presents with oval-shaped vesicles on palms and soles and ulcers near the oral mucosa
62
Roseola
Asymptomatic rose-colored macules appear on body after several days of high fever; can present with seizures
63
Measles
Beginning at the head and moving down; rash is preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and **Koplik spots**
64
Fifth Disease
Slapped chee rash on face (can cause hydrops fetalis in pregnant women)
65
Rubella
66
Scarlet fever
Sandpaper like rash with fever and sore throat
67
VZV rash
Begins on the trunk and spreads to the face and extremities with different lesions of different ages
68
What is this?
Condylama acuminatum (HPV 6,11)
69
What causes Lymphogranuloma venereum?
C. trachomatis L1-L3
70
What are the top causes of PID?
C. trachomatis (subacute, often not diagnosed) N. gonorrhoeae (acute)
71
What nosocomial infection is most common in a pt. with altered mental status, old age, or aspiration?
Polymicrobial, gram negs, and often anaerobe
72
What nosocomial infection is most common in a pt. with decubitus ulcers, surgical wounds, and drains?
S. aureus
73
What nosocomial infection is most common in a pt. with IV catheters?
S. aurues, S. epi, and Enterobacter
74
What bug should you think of in a pt with CGD?
Catalase positive, including S. aureus
75
What bug should you think of in a pt with a cat or dog bite?
Pasteurella multocida
76
What bug should you think of in a pt with current jelly sputum?
Klebsiella
77
What bug should you think of in a pt with a fungal infection in a diabetic or immunocompromised?
Mucor or Rhizpus spp.
78
What bug should you think of in a pt with organ transplant?
CMV
79
What bug should you think of in a pt with a surgical wound?
S. aureus

STEP 1 (4) (18 decks)

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