MICROBIOLOGY- Vaccination to prevent infection

Question 1

Name the 2 ways our body protects us from infection

Answer 1

1. Innate immunereponse

2. Adaptive immune response

Question 2

How does our innate immune repose protect us?

Answer 2

1. Anatomical barriers
2. Temperature, pH
3. Chemical eg enzymes, complement interferons
4. Cellular

Question 3

Which cells are involved in our adaptive immune response

Answer 3

B cells (humoral)
T cells (cell mediated immunity)

Question 4

Name cells involved in the innate immune response

Answer 4

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

Question 5

Define immunisation

Answer 5

Conferring immunity by artificial means

Question 6

Define vaccination

Answer 6

Conferring immunity to a disease using a vaccine or special antigenic material to stimulate the formation of appropriate antibodies

Question 7

What is passive immunity

Answer 7

Using antibodies derived from another host

Question 8

What is active immunity

Answer 8

Modified, killed, pathogens or their antigenic products presented in a way that stimulated an immune response

Question 9

Name the 3 ways we can prepare antibodies derived from humans

Answer 9

1. Hyperimmune where we screen donors with appropriate antibodies
2. Normal immunoglobulin
3. Humanised monoclonal antibodies

Question 10

How long do antibodies live?

Answer 10

3-4 weeks

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity

Answer 11

Antibodies are short lived so no long term memory or protection to re infection

Question 12

What type of vaccines do we have?

Answer 12

1. Live vaccines

2. Antigenic component vaccines (Dead vaccines)

Question 13

How do we use live organisms in a virus

Answer 13

1. Inoculation via a different route
2. Jennerian approach
3. Attenuate the virus
4. genetically modify the virus

Question 14

Give an example of a live vaccine we inoculate via a different route

Answer 14

Adenovirus vaccines

Question 15

What is the jennerian approach

Answer 15

We use an animal virus that is antigenically related to the virus we want vaccinate from

Question 16

Give an example of a live vaccine we use the jennerian approach to vaccinator from

Answer 16

Rotavirus

Question 17

How do we use antigenic compounds in a virus

Answer 17

1. Killed
2. Use the toxoid
3. Partially purified
4. Recombinant DNA
5. DNA viruses

Question 18

Gives some advantages of live vaccines

Answer 18

1. More closely mimics natural infection

2. Only need 1-2 immunisations

Question 19

Give some disadvantages of live vaccines

Answer 19

1. May get systemic side effects
2. No boosting effect (low antigenic load)
3. Require cold chain

Question 20

Give some advantages of non live vaccines

Answer 20

1. Boosting effect (high antigenic load)

2. Only local side effects

Question 21

Give some disadvantages of non love vaccines

Answer 21

1. Have to give multiple doses to produce sustainable responses
2. Requires adjuvants

Question 22

What are adjuvants

Answer 22

Agents which modify effect of others

Question 23

What do we want adjuvants to do in immunology

Answer 23

Augemnt the repose to immunogenicity (antigens)

Question 24

Give some examples of adjuvants

Answer 24

1. Freunds

2. Aluminium hydroxide

Question 25

What are the benefits of adjuvants

Answer 25

They improve antibody response to antigens

Question 26

How do adjuvants improve antibody response

Answer 26

1. Translocate antigens to lymph nodes 2. Prolong delivery 3. Stimulate inflammation and ligands for toll like receipts

Question 27

Are polysaccharide vaccines effective on their own?

Answer 27

No they are poorly immunogenic especially in young children

Question 28

How can we improve polysaccharide vaccines

Answer 28

By covalently linking these to a happen (protein) to make them t dependent antibodies

Question 29

What do we call polysaccharide vaccines that have had protein linked with them?

Answer 29

Conjugated vaccines

Question 30

What is the advantages of having a universal vaccine

Answer 30

We can immunise the whole population and this can help stop the vaccine spreading (herd immunity)

Question 31

Give examples of infection that we are carrying out targeted vaccination against

Answer 31

1. TB 2. Hep B 3. Varicella zoster vaccine (chicken pox)

Question 32

Name some vaccines recommended for travellers

Answer 32

1. Hep A 2. Rabies 3. Yellow fever 4. Typhoid 5. Japanese encephalitis

Question 33

What is vaccine efficacy

Answer 33

Effectiveness of a vaccine to prevent disease (NOT necessarily prevent infection)

Question 34

Give an example of how we can test vaccine efficacy

Answer 34

By checking the ability of the vaccine to induce antibodies

Question 35

What does the ability of a vaccine to eradicate disease depend on?

Answer 35

Depend on: 1. Ability to prevent infection 2. Efficacy of virus 3. Infectivity of organism