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Microbiology Human Disease > Microbiology Vocab > Flashcards

Microbiology Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

a specialized area of biology that deals with living things that are too small to be seen without magnification

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2
Q

Microscopic

A

So small that is only visible by microscop

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3
Q

Microorganism/Microbe

A

are microscopic organisms

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4
Q

bacteria

A

Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosomes. Widely distributed in all earths environments.

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5
Q

Archae

A

Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have an unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics. Live in very harsh environments.

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6
Q

Protozoa

A

A group of single celled eukaryotic organisms

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7
Q

Fungi

A

Macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that cand be single or multi cellular organisms.

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8
Q

Helminths

A

A term that designates all parasitic worms

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9
Q

Virus

A

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

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10
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic, plantlike organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers and hot springs

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Differs from prokaryote because it has a nuclear membrane, a well defined nucleus, membrane bound sub-cellular organelles, and mitotic cell division

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Small cells, lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms

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13
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Occur everywhere and are essential to life

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14
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments

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15
Q

Photosynthesis

A

light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material accompanied by the formation of O2

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16
Q

Bioremediation

A

The use of microorganisms, either naturally occurring or artificially introduced, to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants

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17
Q

Biotechnology

A

when humans manipulate microbes to make products in an industrialized setting

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18
Q

Genetic engineering

A

An area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

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19
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product

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20
Q

Pathogens

A

microbes that cause disease

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21
Q

infectious disease

A

Any disease caused by a microbe is term an infectious disease

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22
Q

Organelles

A

membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions
–Examples: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
–Only some eukaryotes are microorganisms

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23
Q

Viruses

A

NOT independently living cellular organisms

–Exist at the level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells

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24
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

the belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life

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25
Q

Sterile

A

completely free of all life forms including spores

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26
Q

germ theory of disease

A

established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused

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27
Q

Macromolecules

A

very large molecules

•Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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28
Q

Monomers/polymers

A

Monomers are a simple molecule that can be linked by chemical bonds to form larger polymers

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29
Q

Hexose, Pentose, Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose

A

Carbohydrate: generally represented by the chemical formula (CH2O)n
•Monosaccharides and disaccharides are specified by combining a prefix that describes some characteristic of the sugar with the suffix –ose

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30
Q

Cellulose

A

a long, fibrous polymer composed of β-glucose

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31
Q

Agar

A

important component of culture media

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32
Q

Chitin

A

cell wall found in fungi

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33
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

component of the bacterial cell wall

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34
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

component of the gram-negative cell wall

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35
Q

Glycocalyx

A

functions in attachment or as a site for receptors

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36
Q

Triglycerides

A

Important storage lipid

Composed of a single molecule of glycerol bound to three fatty acids

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37
Q

Cholesterol

A

reinforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and mycoplasmas

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38
Q

Protein

A

predominant organic molecule in cells

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39
Q

Amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins

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40
Q

Peptide

A

a molecule composed of short chains of amino acids

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41
Q

Polypeptide

A

contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller subunit of a protein

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42
Q

Primary structure (1°)

A

the type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain

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43
Q

Secondary structure (2°)

A

arises when functional groups exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds

  • alpha helix
  • beta-pleated sheet
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44
Q

Tertiary structure (3°)

A

created by additional bonds between functional groups

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45
Q

Quaternary structure (4°)

A

formed when more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein

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46
Q

Enzymes

A

protein catalysts for chemical reactions in cells

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47
Q

Antibodies

A

complex glycoproteins with specific attachment regions for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

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48
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP

•DNA: contains the special coded genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organism’s heredity

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49
Q

DNA

A

Double helix structure
•Formed by two very long polynucleotide strands linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary pairs of nitrogen bases
•Adenine pairs with Thymine
•Guanine pairs with Cytosine

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50
Q

RNA

A

the molecules responsible for translating the DNA program into proteins that can perform life functions
•Often a long, single strand of nucleotides
•Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine

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51
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates
•Belongs to a category of high-energy compounds that give off energy when the bond between the second and third (outermost) phosphate is broken
•This releases energy to do cellular work

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52
Q

Cell

A

the fundamental unit of life
•Bacteria and protozoa: single cell
•Animals and plants: trillions of cells

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53
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of classifying living things

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54
Q

Binomial system

A

a 2 name system; Genus species

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55
Q

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

A

Example: Eukarya, Animalia, Chrodata, Mammalia, Primates, Homidonia, Homo, Sapien

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56
Q

The five I’s of microbiology

A 
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
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57
Q

Culture

A

to grow microorganisms

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58
Q

Medium (plural, media)

A

nutrients for the growth of microbes

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59
Q

Inoculation

A

the introduction of a small sample of microbes into media to culture them

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60
Q

Incubation

A

media containing inoculants are placed in temperature-controlled chambers

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61
Q

Pure culture

A

grows only a single known species

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62
Q

Mixed culture

A

grows two or more identified, easily differentiated species

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63
Q

Contaminated culture

A

has unwanted microbes

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64
Q

General purpose media

A

Grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible

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65
Q

Enriched media

A

Contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors (vitamins, amino acids) for the growth of fastidious (complex) microbes

66
Q

growth factors

A

vitamins, amino acids

67
Q

fastidious

A

complex microbes

68
Q

Selective media

A

contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of a certain microbe or microbes

69
Q

Differential media

A

allow multiple types of organisms to grow but display visible differences in how they grow

70
Q

Reducing medium

A

contains a substance (thioglycolic acid or cystine) that absorbs oxygen or slows the penetration of oxygen

71
Q

Carbohydrate Fermentation Media

A

contain sugars that can be fermented and a pH indicator that shows this reaction

72
Q

Transport Media

A

used to maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a period of time before clinical analysis

73
Q

Assay media

A

used to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs

74
Q

Enumeration media

A

used to count the numbers of organisms in liquid samples

75
Q

Isolation

A

based on the concept that if an individual cell is separated from other cells on a nutrient surface, it will form a colony

76
Q

Colony

A

a macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium arising from the multiplication of a single cell

77
Q

real image

A

Objective lens: closest to the specimen, forms the initial image called the real image

78
Q

virtual image

A

Ocular lens: forms the second image called the virtual image that will be received by the eye and converted to the retinal and visual image

79
Q

2: Resolution (resolving power)

A

The capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate two adjacent points or objects from one another

80
Q

Refractive index

A

Refractive index: a measurement of the degree of bending that light undergoes as it passes from one medium to another

81
Q

Principles of light microscopy

A

Magnification
Resolution
Contrast

82
Q

Positive stain

A

dye sticks to the specimen and gives it color

83
Q

Negative stain

A

does not stick to the specimen but settles some distance from its outer boundary, forming a silhouette

84
Q

Simple stains

A

only require a single dye and an uncomplicated procedure

85
Q

Differential stains

A

use two different colored dyes, the primary stain and the counterstain

86
Q

Acid fast stain

A

differentiates acid-fast bacteria (pink) from non-acid-fast bacteria (blue)

87
Q

Endospore stain

A

distinguishes between spores and vegetative cells (active cells)

88
Q

vegetative cells

A

Active cells

89
Q

Capsule staining

A

used to observe the microbial capsule, an unstructured protective layer surrounding the cells of some bacteria and fungi

90
Q

Flagellar staining

A

used to reveal the flagella (tiny, slender filaments used by bacteria for locomotion)

91
Q

flagella

A

tiny, slender filaments used by bacteria for locomotion

92
Q

histones

A

Prokaryotes do not wind their DNA around proteins called histones like eukaryotes. Yoyo to wrap protein around

93
Q

Pleomorphism

A

cells of one species may vary in shape and size, caused by variations in cell wall structure

94
Q

cocci

A

spherical, ball-shaped bacterium

95
Q

Diplococci

A

groups of two

96
Q

Tetrads

A

groups of four

97
Q

Staphylococci or micrococci

A

irregular clusters

98
Q

Streptococci

A

chains

99
Q

Sarcina

A

a cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

100
Q

bacilli

A

Rod shaped bacterium

101
Q

Diplobacilli

A

pair of cells with ends attached

102
Q

Streptobacilli

A

chain of several cells

103
Q

Coccobacillus

A

a short and plump rod

104
Q

Palisades

A

cells of a chain remain partially attached by a small hinge region at the ends

105
Q

Spirilla

A

occasionally found in short chains

106
Q

Appendages

A

accessories that provide motility or attachment

107
Q

motility

A

Bacterial locomotion

108
Q

Monotrichous

A

single flagellum

109
Q

Lophotrichous

A

small bunches or tufts of flagella

110
Q

Amphitrichous

A

flagella at both poles of the cell

111
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella dispersed randomly over the surface

112
Q

chemotaxis

A

Bacteria move in response to chemical signals

113
Q

Fimbria

A

Small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells

114
Q

Pilus

A

used for attachment and genetic exchange during conjugation

115
Q

Conjugation

A

partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another

116
Q

S layer

A

Single layers of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like chain mail.
–Only produced when bacteria are in a hostile environment

117
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Composed of polysaccharides or glycoprotein units

–Used to avoid phagocytosis (recognition by the immune system) and for adhesion (biofilms)

118
Q

Slime layer

A

loose, protects against loss of water and nutrients

119
Q

Capsule

A

more tightly bound, denser, produces a sticky (mucoid) character to colonies on agar

120
Q

cell wall

A

The cell wall helps determine the shape of a bacterium

121
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide (protein) fragments

122
Q

Gram Positive Cell Wall

A

Thick, homogenous sheet of peptidoglycan
•Contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
–Function in cell wall maintenance and enlargement
–Contribute to the acidic charge on the cell surface

123
Q

Gram Negative Cell Wall

A

Single sheet of peptidoglycan

•Thinness gives gram-negative cells greater flexibility and sensitivity to lysis (cell rupture)

124
Q

Lysis

A

Cell rupture

125
Q

L-forms

A

Some bacteria that naturally have a cell wall but lose it during part of their life cycle

126
Q

Outer membrane

A

contains specialized types of polysaccharides and proteins
–Only on Gram negative bacteria
–Contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

127
Q

Cytoplasm

A

a gelatinous solution encased by the cell membrane
–70 – 80% water
–Complex mixture of sugars, amino acids, and salts
–Serves as a pool for building blocks for cell synthesis or sources of energy

128
Q

nucleoid

A

DNA is aggregated in a dense area of the cell called the nucleoid

129
Q

plasmids

A

Many bacteria contain other, nonessential pieces of DNA called plasmids

130
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

DNA of most bacteria exists in the form of a single circular bacterial chromosome

131
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and proteins

132
Q

Endospore

A

Endospores resist extremes of heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would kill vegetative cells

133
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found in the nucleoplasm
–Site of rRNA synthesis
–Collection area for ribosomal subunits

134
Q

Chromatin

A

Made of linear DNA

When wound around histones, chromatin forms structures called chromosomes

135
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a series of microscopic tunnels used in transport and storage

136
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached
Originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and extends in a continuous network to the cell membrane
–Allows transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell’s exterior
–Ribosomes are attached to its membrane surface

137
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes
Closed tubular network without ribosomes
–Nutrient processing
–Storage of nonprotein macromolecules such as lipids

138
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

site of protein modification and shipping

139
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain a variety of enzymes involved in the intracellular digestion of food particles and protection against invading microorganisms

140
Q

Vacuoles

A

membrane bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

141
Q

Mitochondria

A

generate energy for the cell; “powerhouse of the cell”

142
Q

Chloroplasts

A

capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

143
Q

Actin filaments

A

long protein strands

144
Q

Microtubules

A

long hollow tubes

145
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

ropelike structures

146
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Flexible framework of molecules cris-crossing the cytoplasm

•Functions: anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape changes, movement

147
Q

Hyphae

A

Long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi

148
Q

Pseudohypha

A

chain of yeast cells

149
Q

Heterotrophic

A

acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic sources/substrates

150
Q

saprobes

A

Fungi that obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats

151
Q

parasites

A

grow on the bodies of living animals or plants, although very few require a living host

152
Q

Mycelium (fungi)

A

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

153
Q

Septa

A

segments or cross walls found in most fungi that allow the flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments

154
Q

Spores

A

Fungal reproductive bodies
–Can be dispersed through the environment by air, water, and living things
–Will germinate upon finding a favorable substrate and produce a new fungal colony in a short time

155
Q

Sporangiospores (fungi)

A

formed by successive cleavages within a sac-like head called a sporangium, which is attached to the stalk

156
Q

Conidiospores or conidia (fungi)

A

free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

157
Q

Ectoplasm (protozoa)

A

clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection

158
Q

Trophozoite (protozoa)

A

motile feeding stage requiring ample food and moisture to stay active

159
Q

Cyst (protozoa)

A

dormant resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable

160
Q

Flatworms

A

Have a thin, often segmented body plan

  • Cestodes (tapeworms)
  • Trematodes (flukes)
161
Q

Roundworms/Nematodes

A

Have an elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented body

162
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

the male and female sex organs are in the same worm

Microbiology Human Disease (1 decks)

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