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Microevolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Biological change in allele freq. and descent w/modification

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2
Q

What is adaptation?

A

properties that enable survival/reproduction of organisms in their environment

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

adaptation/evolution

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4
Q

Natural Selection Fact#1

A

all species have great potential fertility that their population size would increase exponentially if all reproduction is successful

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5
Q

Natural Selection Fact #2

A

populations remain stable in size, typically

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6
Q

Natural Selection Fact #3

A

environmental resources limited

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7
Q

Natural Selection Fact #4

A

individuals of population vary extensively

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8
Q

Natural Selection Fact #5

A

variation is heritable(parents to offspring)

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9
Q

Natural Selection Inference #1

A

struggle for existence- too many people not enough resources

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10
Q

Natural Selection Inference #2

A

survival correlates w/traits of individuals

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11
Q

Natural Selection Inference #3

A

favorable characteristics accumulating over generations

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12
Q

What is a Fossil Record?

A

trace of any organism that lived in the past

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13
Q

What is Homology?

A

trait possessed by 2 or more species derived with or w/out modification from their common ancestor.

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14
Q

Analogous

A

traits that are similar in function but differ in basic structure

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15
Q

What is the Law of Succession?

A

living species in an area are frequently closely related to fossils in that area, providing evidence that the species evolved there

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16
Q

What are Endemic Biotas?

A

organisms found in limited regions along w/close relatives

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17
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

any observable/measurable characteristic of an organism

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18
Q

What does The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium do?

A

allele/genotype freq will remain the same, highlighting that there was no evolution. IF there is evolution it is under specific conditions

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19
Q

Genotype Frequencies

A
  • %AA=p^2
  • %Aa=pq
  • %aa=q^2
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20
Q

Allele Frequency

A

multiple ways to find A and a
ex: Freq of A= AA+1/2Aa

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21
Q

H-W Expectation

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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22
Q

What are Causes of Evolution?

A
  • mutation
  • gene flow
  • selection
  • genetic drift
  • migration
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23
Q

What are Synonymous(Silent) Mutations?

A

no effect

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24
Q

What are Non-synonymous (Replacement) Mutations?

A

single base change protein in DNA
- phenotypic effect
- detrimental

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25
What do Mutations do?
provides genetic variation- source for all evolution to occur
26
What is Migration?
movement of alleles b/w population
27
Gene Flow
movement of alleles from 1 pop to another pop by movement of individuals or gametes
28
What is a Stepping Stone Model?
movement of individuals b/w adjacent islands
29
What is Random Genetic Drift?
change allele frequencies due to chance events or sampling process
30
What is Genetic Drift?
- high effect on small population - no memory
31
What is a Bottleneck?
something happens/reduces pop size for short time, can completely change allele frequency in pop even when large, causes genetic variation
32
What is founder event?
establishment of a new pop by a small number of individuals
33
What is a founder effect?
change in allele frequencies, occurs after founder event due to genetic drift
34
What is Inbreeding?
mating among kin
35
What is Stabilizing Selection?
- favors avg selection - no change in mean - favors intermediate phenotypes- heterozygote
36
What is Disruptive Selection?
- favors extreme selection - could lead to speciation - increase genetic diversity of pop
37
What is Heterozygous Advantage?
overdominance
38
What is Directional Selection?
selection for/against homozygote
39
What is Systematics?
study of diversification of living forms, both past/present and the relationships among livings things thru time
40
What is Taxonomy?
the discovery, recognition, definition, and naming of groups organisms
41
What are Phylogentics?
the study of evolutionary relationships among groups
42
What are Sister Groups?
taxa that are close relatives
43
Monophyletic Group= Clade
an ancestor and all of its descendants lineages
44
What are the Paraphyletic Group?
- some not all - an ancestor/only some of its descendants' lineages grouped by shared, ancestral characters= symplesiomorphies
45
What are Polyphetical Group?
- does not include common ancestor - analogous traits
46
Character/Character-States
a character is a general category for which species manifest different states
47
What are Plesiomorphy?
- homologous trait retained from ancestor of the group
48
What are Synapomorphy(automorphory)?
a derived trait unique to one species in the group of study
49
What are Outgroups?
closely related species known to be outside the group of study
50
What is Embryology?
characters expressed early in development are ancestral relative to ones expressed late in development
51
What is molecular evolution?
use different organisms to study the evolution of DNA/protein sequences
52
Neutral Theory of Evolution
genetic drift dominates molecular evolution
53
Neutral Theory
under neutrality the probability of new mutations spreading/fixing in population 1/2N
54
What is the Substitution Rate?
of neutral mutations is equal to the mutation rate
55
What are pseudogenes?
dead genes that have no function/fitness effect, evolve faster than functional mutations
56
Molecular Clock
- rate of molecular evolution, constant - rate of substitution= mutation rate of neutral mutation
57
Nearly Neutral Theory
suggests most mutations are slightly deleterious rather than strictly neutral
58
Small Pop in Nearly Neutral Theory
drift dominates/slightly deleterious mutations behave as neutral slightly deleterious, fix relative quickly
59
Large Pop in Nearly Neutral Theory
little drift, more pronounced selection, slightly deleterious mutations less likely to fix, slowly fixation
60
What is Negative Selection (Purifying Selection)?
removal of allele mutations
61
What is Positive Selection?
increase frequency of beneficial mutation (alleles) that increase fitness
62
What is the MK Test?
compares divergence b/w two species using polymorphism w/in each species
63
What is Sexual Selection?
Selection for traits that increase reproductive output/likelihood of obtaining a male
64
Bateman's Principle
- makes have a higher total number of offspring w/more mates - females produce fewer, better-quality offspring via high quality male
65
What is Kin Selection?
mechanism of increasing inclusive fitness through apparent altruism
66
What is Altruism?
individuals sacrifice own evolutionary fitness for others- for the benefit of others
67
Direct Fitness
personal reproduction
68
What is Indirect Fitness?
reproduction by relatives made possible by individual's actions
69
What is Inclusive Fitness?
sum of an individuals' reproduction through apparent altruism
70
Hamilton's Rule
coefficient of relatedness r, of altruist/recipient established proportion are identical in altruist/recipient due to common ancestor
71
Kin Selection Prediction 1
altruistic behavior will be disproportionately directed toward close relatives (high 'r')
72
Kin Selection Prediction 2
if individuals disproportionately help kin/must be able to recognize kin from non-kin
73
What is Eusiociality?
extreme altruism - forgo reproduction to aid others in reproduction/causes allele spread
74
What does Extrinsic mean?
Geographical Features
75
What does Intrinsic mean?
genetically based properties of organisms, limits gene flow(reproductive isolation)
76
What are Prezygotic Barriers?
features that prevent individuals from different groups from creating zygote
77
What are Postzygotic Barriers?
features that prevent zygote from developing into healthy/fertile adult
78
What is Allopatric Speciation?
2 groups of one species, isolated geographically and diverge into seperate species
79
What is Parapatric Speciation?
no specific extrinsic barrier to gene flow, reduced gene flow, no random mating with neighbors
80
What is Sympatric Speciation?
reduce of gene flow w/out geographic isolation
81
What is Frequency-Dependent?
based on proportion of population
82
Balancing Selection
equal playing field of allele frequencies Continues genetic variation

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