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Clin Med Nutrition > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

B1

water soluble

A

Thiamin - aerobic energy metabolism
Etiology: alcoholism, malabsorbtion, dialysis
Clin Findings: (early) anorexia, muscle cramps, irritibility; (late) beri beri, korsakoff syndrome

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2
Q

B2

water soluble

A

Riboflavin - energy metabolism
Etiology: occurs in combo w/other deficiencies; dietary inadequacy, med interactions, EtOH, undernutrition
Clin Findings: cheilosis/angular stomatitis; glossitis, seb dermatitis, weakess

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3
Q

B3

water soluble

A

Niacin (Nicotinic acid) - cofactor for energy metabolism
Etiology: diets based on corn, EtOH, nutrient drug interactions
Clin Findings: (nonspecific) anorexia, weakness, irritibility stomatitis, glossitis (severe) Triad of Pellagra

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4
Q

beriberi

A

Symptoms: weight loss, emotional disturbances, impaired sensory perception, weakness and pain in the limbs, and periods of irregular heart rate.
Dry beriberi affects the nervous system
Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system and other bodily systems

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5
Q

korsakoff syndrome

A

Thiamine (B1) deficiency
anterograde/retrograde amnesia; confabulation (invented memories); meager content in conversation; lack of insight; apathy - the patients lose interest in things quickly and generally appear indifferent to change.

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6
Q

cheilosis/angular stomatitis

A

inflammation/cracking of the corners of the mouth/lips

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7
Q

Triad of Pellagra

A

diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

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8
Q

B5

water soluble

A

Pantothenic acid - fatty acid metabolism
etiology: only in experiments with low B5 diets
Clinical findings: GI, muscle cramps, depression, ataxia, paresthesia

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9
Q

B6

water soluble

A

Pyroxidine - protein synthesis, neurotransmitters
Etiology: medication interactions, BC pills, EtOH
Clin Findings: glossitis, cheilosis, weakness–severe cases peripheral neuropathy, anemia, seizures

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10
Q

B7

water soluble

A

Biotin - gene expression, gluconeogenesis
Etiology: inborn errors of metabolism (rare that diet causes this)
Clin Findings: mental changes, anorexia, paresthesia, scaling rash around eyes/nose/mouth/extremities

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11
Q

B9

water soluble

A

Folate - DNA/protein synthesis
Etiology: inadequate dietary intake, EtOH, decreased absorption (drug interactions), increased requirement (pregnancy, anemia), and loss (dialysis)
Clin findings: megaloblastic anemia (impairs DNA synthesis, causes continued RBC growth w/out division)

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12
Q

B12

water soluble

A

cyanocobalamin - oxidation of fatty acids, DNA synthesis, erythropoiesis
Etiology: decreased absorption (no production of factor needed to absorb, competition with bacteria, pancreatic insufficiency, crohns disease, meds etc)
Clin Findings: megaloblastic anemia (impairs DNA synthesis, causes continued RBC growth w/out division); glossitis, anorexia, diarrhea, neuro

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13
Q

Vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid - antioxidant, synth of peptide hormones, iron absorption, collagen synthesis
Etiology - dietary inadequacy, pt w/ chronic illness (cancer, kidney disease), smokers
Clin Findings

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14
Q

water soluble vitamins (9)

BC-FN-PP-RTV

A

biotin, cyanocobalamin, folate, niacin, pyroxidine, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin C

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15
Q

fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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16
Q

Vitamin A

A

retinol normal function - vision, cell growth, immune function
Etiology: fat malabsorption, infection, measles, EtOH, protein-energy malnutrition
Clin Med: xeropthalma (not enough tears), night blindness, impaired embryonic development, immune dysfunction, follicular hyperkeratosis

17
Q

Vitamin D

A

normal function - regulating blood Ca levels, bone health, immune function, inflammation
Etiology: aging, lack of sunlight exposure, fat malabsorption, very dark skin
Clin findings: Rickets in children (impaired mineralization in growing bones); osteomalacia in adults

18
Q

Vitamin E

A

function - antioxidant, protects cell membranes from oxidative damage
Etiology: severe malnutrition, fat malabsorption, genetic abnormalities of vit E metabolism/transport
Clin Findings: peripheral neuropathy, skeletal muscle atrophy, spino cerebellar ataxia, retinopathy

19
Q

Vitamin K

A

normal function - activates part of clotting cascade
Etiology: fat malabsorption, liver disease, antibiotic use
clinical findings: elevated prothrombin time, bleeding

20
Q

Niacin toxicity

A

B3 - cutaneous flushing, gastric irritation, elevated liver enzymes, hyperglycemia, gout, itchy/dry skin

21
Q

Pyroxidine toxicity

A

B6 - sensory neuropathy (sometimes irreversible), flushing, gout, maculopathy

22
Q

Folate toxicity

A

B9 - hematologic responses

23
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

gastric irritation, flatulence, diarrhea, false tests for urine glucose

24
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

most toxic of all vitamins: teratogenic (accutane), nausea, headache, fatigue, appetite loss, increased ICP, cerebral edema, vertigo, diplopia, bulging fontanelles, dry skin

25
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

not common; hypercalcemia, anorexia, N/V, hypertension, hypercalciuria, muscular weakness, joint pain, death

26
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

least toxic of fat soluble vitamins; can impair function of vitamin K and interfere with normal clotting

27
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

decreased effectiveness of anti coagulants (warfarin)

28
Q

mineral micronutrients

A

calcium, sodium, chloride, phosphorous, potassium

29
Q

calcium

A

function: bone mineralization, regulation of PTH, muscle function
etiology: absorption hindered by vit D deficiency, suppression of PTH, oxalic acid, hypoalbuminemia
clin findings: rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

30
Q

sodium

A

function: osmotic pressure, cell permeability, acid base balance, nervous syst stimulation, muscle contraction
etiology: excessive diaphoresis, overhydration, water retention
clin findings: n/v, dizziness, resp arrest, seizure, coma, brain damage, death

31
Q

chloride

A

function: fluid/electrolyte balance
etiology: secondary to vomiting, diuretic therapy, kidney disease
clin findings: often asymtomatic, dehydration, fluid loss

32
Q

phosphorous

A

function: maintains bones and teeth, transport of fats, nucleic acid/phospholipid synth
etiology: low vit D levels (deficiency is rare)
clin findings: rickets, muscle weakness, tissue hypoxia, rhabdo

33
Q

potassium

A

function: regulation of osmotic pressure, protein/glycogen synthesis, cardiac nerve impulses/muscle contraction
etiology: secondary to illness, injury, diuretic therapy
clin findings: muscular weakness, paralysis, mental confusion, cardiac arrhythmia

Clin Med Nutrition (4 decks)

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