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Pharmacotherapy 1 > Micronutrition > Flashcards

Micronutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

EAR

A

estimated average requirement, amt of nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of healthy individual in an age and gender group

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2
Q

RDA

A

recommended daily allowance; two standard deviations above EAR.
suffieint to meet hte

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3
Q

UL

A

tolerable upper intake level

maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient w/o any health risk

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4
Q

AI

A

adequate intake; used when evidence is inadequate to set an EAR; approx. of the avg nutrient intake by a healthy pop.

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5
Q

micronutrients include

A

vitamins and mineral

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6
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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7
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

groups of vitamin B’s and vitamin c

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8
Q

macrominerals

A

Ca2+, Mg2+

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9
Q

trace minerals

A

iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium (chromium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron)

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10
Q

vitamin that is the exception to dietary insufficiency

A

vitamin D, can be made in skin when exposed to sun

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11
Q

vitamins are named int he order of

A

discovery

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12
Q

vitamin A examples

A

retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

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13
Q

vitamin A source (non-dietary)

A

produced from carotenoids, organic pigments in plants

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14
Q

vitamin A function

A

Δ11-cis-retinal reversibly associates with opsins and functions as light sensor

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15
Q

vitamin A deficiency causes

A

blindness

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16
Q

retinoic acid function

A

steroid hormones, regulating cell growth and differentiation

associates w nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXR)

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17
Q

carotenoids function

A

antioxidants; may reduce risk of cancers

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18
Q

how vitamin A is stored

A

in liver and retinol palmitate

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19
Q

dietary sources of vitamin A

A

dark green and yellow vegetables, liver, egg yolk, butter, and whole milk

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20
Q

vitamin A deficiency prevalence

A

rare, but 40-60% of Americans consume less than 2/3 of RDA

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21
Q

vitamin D function

A

steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis

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22
Q

dietary source of vitamin D

A

synthesized from an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis

produced photochemically in the skin

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23
Q

vitamin D deficiency due to insufficient sun

A

rickets in young children

osteomalacia in adults

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24
Q

dietary sources of vitamin D

A

vitamin D milk, saltwater fish, liver, and egg yolk

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25
vitamin D synthesis pathway in skin
7-dehydrocholesterol--UV photolysis--> provitamin D3--slow isomerization-->vitamin D3
26
form of vitamin E in diet
tocopherols and tocotrienols
27
vitamin E function
antioxidant protecting unsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of CVD by preventin oxidating of LDL (oxidized form is atherogenic)
28
where vitamin E accumulates
circulating lipoproteins, cellular membranes, fat deposits
29
dietary soruces of vitamin E
vegetable oils rich in PUFAs
30
vitamin E deficiency prevalence
rare
31
vitamin K functions
post-translation modification of glutamic acid residues to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues blood clotting bone mineralization
32
carboxyglutamic acids allow what
proteins to bind to Ca2+
33
vitamin K and carboxylation rxn
vit K is converted to inactive epoxide form regeneration of active form requires vit K epoxide reductase
34
warfarin and vitamin K
anticoagulant, vitamin K antagonist | prevents thrombosis by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase
35
dietary sources of vitamin K
K1 in green veg | K2 is synthesized by intestinal bacterial
36
vitamin K deficiency
rare
37
thiamin function
rapidly converted to thiamin pyrophosphate and thiamin triphosphate thiamin pyrophosphate funcitons as a cofactor in enzymatic catalysis. thiazole ring forms a carbanion, a strong ncleophile. (ex. pyrvate dehydrogenase) thiamin triphosphate functions in transmission of nerve impulse in peripheral nerve membranes
38
thiamin deficiency
severe-->beriberi chara'd by muscular atrophy and weakness may occur in populations exclusively relying on polished rice for food or in alcoholics
39
riboflavin functions
precursor of cofactors used in many redox xns (FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN: flavin mononucleotide)
40
riboflavin deficiency
very rare, usually seen in chronic alcoholics | Sx: angular cheilitis, glossitis, scaly dermatitis
41
riboflavin sources
milk, meat, eggs, and cereal products
42
angular cheilitis def
inflamm at the end of lips
43
glossitis def
inflamm of tongue surface
44
forms of niacin in diet
niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (nicotinamide)
45
function of niacin
converted to cofactors, NAD and NADP: electron acceptors or hydrogen donors essential in many redx rxns and celular respiration NAD is also used for ADP-ribosylation
46
niacin deficiency
pellagra Sx: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia Rare; primarily seen in alcoholics, pts w severe malabsorption, and elderly on very restricted diets
47
niacin sources
meats, peanuts, and enriched cereals
48
pyridoxine
vitamin B6 exists as pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal in diet
49
Structures for micronutrients!
https://quizlet.com/_32ur3k
50
cofactor form of vit B6
pyridoxal phosphate
51
fxn of pyridoxal phosphate
transamination rxn in AA metab - syn of NTs - syn of sphingolipids
52
deficiency of vitamin B6 Sx
mild: irritability nervousness depression severe: peripheral neuropathy connvulsion
53
sources of vitamin B6
meat veg whole-grain cereals
54
prevalence of vit B6 intake
significant fraction of US pop consumes less than rec intake
55
another name for Vit C
ascorbic acd
56
Fxn of Vitamin C
cofactor for several oxidases - hydroxylation of K and P side chains, necessary for collagen stability - -proper collagen stability essential for maintenance of CT, wound healing, and bone formation
57
Vitamin C is a (fxn)
nonenzymatic reducing agent - aid in abs of Fe by reducing it to Fe2+ in stomach - protects vit AE and some B vitamins from oxidation
58
Sx of mild vitamin C def
capillary fragility --> easy bruising decr immunocompetence
59
Sx of severe vitamin C def
``` scuvy: decr wound healing osteoporosis hemorrhaging anemia ```
60
Behavior that increases vitamin C needs
smoking
61
Use of megadoses of vitamin C to prevent and cure common cold is
controversial
62
Most abundant mineral in body
calcium
63
What are fxns of calcium?
bones 2nd messenger enzyme cofactor blood coagulation and muscle contractility
64
How is calcium serum level maintained?
- bones as a reservoir - diet insuff --> resorption from bones - vitamin D is req'd for optimal utilization of Ca - Exercise facilitates Ca2+ use for bone formation
65
Symptoms of Ca2+ resembles ___
vitamin D deficiency
66
How to maximize bone density
Ca intake from diet | exercise
67
How to prevent osteoporosis by micronutrient intake
achieve max bone density (Ca intake) from 10-35 yoa
68
Mild deficiency of Ca may cause
muscle cramps
69
Who usually does not consume enough Ca2+?
low income children | adult females
70
What are dietary sources of calcium?
dairy products | nuts, beans, seeds, seaweeds
71
Molecules that contain iron
heme, cytochromes, nonheme iron proteins
72
Fxns of iron
O2 transport energy metablism cell proliferation immune defense
73
How much more iron do women need compared to men?
2x due to menstruation
74
How is iron sequestered in the cell?
in ferritin molecules
75
How is iron sequestered in the blood?
by transferrin molecules
76
In which groups is iron-deficiency anemia most prevalent?
children | menstruating women
77
What are the functions of iodine?
synthesis of thyroid hormones
78
What are food sources of iodine?
seafood: fish seaweed added to table salt
79
What are the results of iodine deficiency?
goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland cretinism: severely stunted physical and mental growth
80
What are functions of zinc?
metalloenzymes | zinc finger proteins
81
What are the consequences of zinc deficiency in children?
poor growth | impairment of sexual development
82
What are the consequences of zinc deficiency in general?
poor wound healing dermatitis impaired immune function
83
What is the prevalence of zinc intake?
may be marginal for many individuals
84
What is the function of copper?
required by many enzymes ex: lysyl oxidase, which is necessary for collagen cross-linking
85
What are the consequences of copper deficiency?
anemia bone demineralization blood vessel fragility
86
What is the function of selenium?
incorporated into ~25 selenoproteins in humans
87
What is the prevalence of selenium deficiency?
rare
88
How is selenocysteine incorpoated into proteins?
Selenocystyl-tRNA binds to UGA codons in mRNA with a special sequence in 3'-UTR

Pharmacotherapy 1 (26 decks)

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