Microorganism

Question 1

What is the second leading cause of death worldwide

Answer 1

Infectious disease

Question 2

Major reservoir of microbes in our body

Answer 2

GIT
female genital tract
Oral cavity
Nasopharynx

Question 3

Are sites where microbial colonization occurs

Answer 3

Skin and lungs

Question 4

Are the smallest intracellular pathogens

Answer 4

Viruses

Question 5

Have no organized cellular structure but consists of coat or cuspid surrounding a nucleic acid core or genome of RNA or DNA

Some are enclosed within a lipoprotein derived from cell membrane

Answer 5

Viruses

Question 6

Incapable of replication outside of a living cell

Identified as RNA or DNA genome

Answer 6

Viruses

Question 7

Penetrates to susceptible living cell and this viral replication takes place

Some enters the cell and inject their genome however remains latent for a long period of time wo causing a disease

Eg varicella zoster

Answer 7

Irus

Question 8

Viral enzyme when the virus enters the host cell as RNA and being translated into DNA

Answer 8

Reverse transcriptase

Question 9

Are replicating unicellular organism

Small and structurally relatively primitive, no irganized intracellular organelles and the genome consists of only a single chromosome of DNA

Answer 9

Bacteria bacteria

Question 10

Small extrachromosomal pieces of circular DNA of bacteria called?

Answer 10

Plasmids

Question 11

Contain genetic information that increase the virulence of the organism

Answer 11

Plasmids

Question 12

Is surrounded by a flexible lipid membrane and in turn is enclosed in a rigid cell wall

Answer 12

Cytoplasm

Question 13

___ determines the shape of the bacterium

Answer 13

Cell wall

Question 14

Bacteria shape

Answer 14

Elongated - bacilli
Spherical - cocci
Helical - spirilli

Question 15

Motile bacteria as a result of external whiplike appendages, which transports the organism through a liquid environment like a propeller

Answer 15

Flagella

Question 16

Bacteria also produces hair like structures projecting from the cell surface called ___ or ___ and will enable the bacteria to adhere to surfaces

Answer 16

Pili or fimbriae

Question 17

Cocci in pairs, chain, cluster

Answer 17

Pair - diplococci
CHhain - streptococci
Clister - staphylococci

Question 18

Bacteria require O2 for growth and metabolism

Answer 18

Aerobes

Question 19

Bacteria that cannot survive without oxygen

Answer 19

Anaerobes

Question 20

Bacteria capable of adapting its metabolism to aerobic or anaerobic condition

Answer 20

Facultatively anaerobes

Question 21

Gram positive and gram negative stains

Answer 21

Positive - crystal purple
Negative - stained red called safranin

Question 22

Are gram negative rods but aree unique in that cells shape is helical and the length of the organism is many times its width and its motility

Answer 22

Spirochetes

Question 23

Example of anaerobic organism which are spirochetes

Answer 23

Leptospira
Boreklia - lyme disease
Treponema - syphilis

Question 24

Unicellular and capable of independent replication

Answer 24

Mycoplasmas

Question 25

Are free living saphrophytes found in every habitat in earth

Answer 25

Fungi

Question 26

Single cell organisms, reproduced by a budding process

Answer 26

Yeast

Question 27

Example of yeast cell

Answer 27

Blastomycosis Hostoplasmosis Coccidiodomycosis

Question 28

Produce long, hollow, branching filaments called hyphase Produce cotton or powdery colonies composed of mats og hyphae collectively called mycelium

Answer 28

Molds

Question 29

Produce long, hollow, ranching filaments called ___

Answer 29

Hyphae

Question 30

Produce cotton or powdery colonies composed of mast of hyphae colletively called ~___

Answer 30

Mycelium

Question 31

Commensal flora of the skin, mucous membrane and gi tract but can cause disease due to alterations of immune mechanism of the patient (over use of antibiotic therapy)

Answer 31

Candida albicans

Question 32

Defines any organism that derived benefits from its biologic relationship with other organisms Designate members of the animal kingdom that infect and cause disease in other animals Protozoa Helminths Anthropods

Answer 32

Parasites

Question 33

Are unicellular with a complete complement well defined nucleus and organelles Reproduction may be sexual or asexual and life cycles may be simple or complicated with several requiring more than one host for completionn

Answer 33

Protozoa

Question 34

Most are saprophytes Adaption to accommodate to human environment and produce a variety of disease

Answer 34

Protozoa Ex. Malaria , amebid dysentery, glardiasis

Question 35

Collection of wormlike parasites

Answer 35

Helminths

Question 36

Reproduce sexually in a definitive host

Answer 36

Helminths

Question 37

Examples of parasitic anthropods

Answer 37

Ticks Mosquitoes Boting flies Mites

Question 38

The phase during which the pathogen begins active replication without recognizable symptoms of the hostb Can be influenced the contiion of the host portal of entry nad infetious dose of the pathogen

Answer 38

Incubation period

Question 40

The ohase where initial appearance of symtpoms of the hodt like fever, headache, mualgia, or fatigue

Answer 40

Prodomal stage

Question 41

Period ditomg which the host experience the maximum impact if the infectious process, corresponding to rapid proliferation and dessimination of the pathogen This pahse production of toxin product which further damage the gost cells or tissues

Answer 41

Acute stage

Question 42

Phase characterized by the containment of infection, progressive elimination of the oathogen, repair of damage tissues, and resolution of the associated symptoms

Answer 42

Covalescent period

Question 43

Phase where total elimination of pathogen from the body with out without residue signs or symtomos of the disease

Answer 43

Resolution

Question 44

Are substances or product generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease

Answer 44

Virulence factors

Question 45

Are proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth which leads to host cell death or dysfunctiin

Answer 45

Exotoxins

Question 46

Exotoxin which decrease the release of neurotransmitter from inhibitory neuron producing spastic paralysis

Answer 46

Tetanus toxins

Question 47

An exotoxin which induced fluid secretion into the lumen of the intestine causing diarrhea

Answer 47

Cholera toxin

Question 48

Do not contain protein which are not actively release from the bacterium during growth and no enzymatic activity Complsed of liquid and polysaccharides found in the cell wall

Answer 48

Endotoxin

Question 49

The process to attach specific site

Answer 49

Adhesion factors

Question 50

The site is called receptor and the reciprocal molecule or substance that binds to the reeptors are called ____ or ____

Answer 50

Ligano or adhesion

Question 51

If ligand will bind with carbohydrates ==

Answer 51

Lectins

Question 52

Factors that the host phagocytic white blood cells particulary neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 52

Evasive factors

Question 53

Product produced by infectious agents that facilitate the penetration of anatomic barriers and host tissue Are enzymes capable of destroying cellular membranes (phospholipases) CT (elastase, collagenases,) intracellular matrices ( hyaluronidases)

Answer 53

Invasive factors