Microorganisms in Respiratory Tract I

Question 1

S. pneumoniae is ______ on blood-agar which is also called green hemolysis due to production of ___________

Answer 1

alpha hemolytic, hydrogen peroxide

Question 2

The optochin test is used to distinguish which bacteria from which bacteria?

Answer 2

distinguish S. pneumoniae from S. viridans

Question 3

S. pneumoniae asymptomatically colonize the _____ and ______ as long as the immune system keeps them in check.

Answer 3

nasal cavity and sinuses

Question 4

_______: community-acquired
_______: Hospital-acquired

Answer 4

S. pneumoniae
K. Pneumoniae

Question 5

What are the clinical manifestations of S. pneumoniae?

Answer 5

Pneumonia
Rhinosinusitis
Bacteremia
Otitis Media
Meningitis

Question 6

For S. pneumoniae, what biological samples can be used for culture?

Answer 6

Pus, sputum, CSF, or peritoneal fluid

Question 7

Which of the following vaccines is recommended for young children to prevent S. pneumoniae infections?

A. PPV23
B. PRV13
C. PPV13
D. PCV13

Answer 7

D. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine(PCV13)

Question 8

_____ is the classic first line of treatment for S. pneumoniae

Answer 8

Beta lactams

Question 9

K. pneumoniae can normally colonize the _____ and _____

Answer 9

oropharynx, GI tract

Question 10

K. pneumoniae grows better in an aerobic environment. Because of this, it prefers places like ________ where there is unlimited flow of oxygen

Answer 10

Ventilators in the ICU

Question 11

K. pneumoniae can produce an enzyme called _____ that can dissociate ____ into carbon dioxide and ammonia

Answer 11

urease, urea

Question 12

Enumerate the virulence factors of K. pneumoniae

Answer 12

Capsule
Pili
LPS
Siderophore
Urease

Question 13

Siderophore snatches what mineral from host cells to help K. pneumoniae thrive and replicate?

Answer 13

Iron

Question 14

The precipitation of alkaline urine can combine with ammonium to form struvite stones that often lead to ________.

Answer 14

large staghorn renal calculi or kidney stones.

Question 15

Match the following clinical manifestations to each vulnerable population

I. Lobar Pneumonia
II. UTIs
III. Bacteremia
IV. Spontaneous Bacterial peritonitis

A. People with Blood vessel catheters
B. People with Cirrhosis and Ascites
C. People with Diabetes or with Alcohol Dependence
D. People with Urinary Catheters

Answer 15

I - C
II - D
III - A
IV - B

Question 16

K. pneumoniae is resistant to which group of antibiotics?

Answer 16

beta-lactams

Question 17

Klebsiella strains that produce extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) are resistant to ________

Answer 17

Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, and
Fluoroquinolones

Question 18

These three toxins help anchor Bordetella to the epithelia

Answer 18

Filamentous hemagglutinin
Pertactin
Agglutinin

Question 19

In people infected with Bordetella pertussis, there is mucous build-up which will be accompanied by a violent cough reflex. What toxin is responsible for this symptoms?

Answer 19

Tracheal cytotoxin

Question 20

Which of the following toxin causes the increase in the absolute lymphocyte level in the blood?

A. Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
B. Tracheal cytotoxin
C. Pertussis Toxin

Answer 20

C. Pertussis Toxin

Question 21

The adenylate cyclase toxin is produced by ______ which blocks the _______ from getting to the site of infection.

Answer 21

B. pertussis, phagocyte

Question 22

Three phases of Bordetella

Answer 22

Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, Convalescent

Question 23

In really young infants, the paroxysmal phase can manifest through:

Answer 23

gasping, cyanosis, apnea, or can have an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)

Question 24

The inspiratory whooping noise come from air sliding past the ______

Answer 24

Glottis

Question 25

At which phase is it best to diagnose Bordetella?

Answer 25

Catarrhal Phase

Question 26

Nasal swabbing of the _______ can help in the diagnosis of Bordetella

Answer 26

nasopharynx

Question 27

Aside from nasal swabbing, the ________ is an important predictor for the severity of Bordetella

Answer 27

Degree of lymphocytosis

Question 28

At which trimester should pregnant women take B. pertussis vaccine?

Answer 28

Third Trimester

Question 29

This bacteria is a club-looking bacteria

Answer 29

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 30

When stained with _____, C. diphtheriae may appear as a green club-shaped bacteria with metachromatic granules.

Answer 30

Albert's Stain

Question 31

What medium is used to grow C. diphtheriae?

Answer 31

Cystine-tellurite blood agar

Question 32

All C. diphtheriae subspecies start out as nontoxigenic. It only becomes toxigenic after infection of _______

Answer 32

beta-bacteriophage

Question 33

The DT complex subunits are enjoined by ____ bond. A. Disulfide B. Cysteine C. Cystine D. Sulfide

Answer 33

A. Disulfide

Question 34

Which subunit of the DT complex contains the ADP ribose grup?

Answer 34

A subunit

Question 35

If the A subunit of the DT complex is the enzymatically active site, what is the function of the B subunit?

Answer 35

Binding to the host cell membrane

Question 36

Provide the chronological order of the method of transmission for DT complex A. Attachment of B subunit B. Breaking of disulfide bond C. A-subunit diffusion to the ribosome D. Endosome Formation E. Protein synthesis interference

Answer 36

A > D > B > C > E

Question 37

The ADP ribose group attaches to the ______

Answer 37

Elongation factor (EF2)

Question 38

Pharyngeal diphtheria is often transmitted through ______

Answer 38

Respiratory droplets

Question 39

What is the hallmark of respiratory diphtheria?

Answer 39

Pseudomembrane

Question 40

How can death by asphyxiation happen in diphtheria?

Answer 40

A portion of the pseudomembrane can detach and get lodged in the trachea or bronchi.

Question 41

When diphtheriae reaches the bloodstream, the following diseases in the organs may occur Heart: ____ Kidney: _____ Nerves: ____

Answer 41

Heart: Myocarditis Kidney: Acute tubular necrosis Nerves: Nerve demyelination

Question 42

This test is used to determine if the C. diphtheriae strain is toxigenic.

Answer 42

Elek's Test