Microscopes and Cells Flashcards
Label a diagram of an optical microscope.
Diagram
Describe how you would calculate the total magnification of the low power objective lens of the microscope you are using.
1 - Look at the eyepiece lens to identify the magnification (this is usually 10x).
2 - Look at the low power objective lens (this is the shortest one) and identify the magnification (this is usually x4 or x5).
3 - Multiply the 2 magnifications together to get the total magnification.
Imagine you needed to teach a 6 year old how to focus the microscope using the medium power objective lens. Give them step-by-step instructions.
1 - Place the slide on the stage and secure it with the stage clips.
2 - Check the low power objective lens is engaged. It should click into place.
3 - Use the coarse adjustment to move the objective as close to the stage as it will go.
4 - Switch on the light source and, if there is a mirror, angle the mirror so the light is reflecting through the microscope.
5 - Look through the eyepiece and turn the coarse adjustment slowly until the image comes into focus.
6 - Use the fine adjustment to make the image as sharp as possible.
7 - Switch to the medium power objective lens and use ONLY the fine adjustment to bring the image into focus.
What are all living things made of?
All living things are made up of cells.
List the 5 parts of an animal cell that we have learned about in class.
Animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria. There are other parts in animal cells that you may learn about if you take A-level Biology one day!
Label a diagram of an animal cell.
Labelled
What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and it controls all the activities of the cell.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
The mitochondria is the part of the cell where energy is released from food molecules.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes make proteins.
Why do we stain cells?
To make internal structures and organelles easier to see under the microscope.
What are the success criteria for making a scientific drawing?
Success Criteria
1 - Use a sharp pencil.
2 - Lines are continuous and not sketched.
3 - Drawing is in 2 dimensions.
4 - Large - usually half a page.
5 - Magnification is included.
6 - Title included.
7 - Visible structures are labelled.
What structure do plant cells have that animal cells don’t have?
Plant cells have all the structures found in animal cells but they also have a cell wall and vacuoles. Some plant cells also have chloroplasts.
What is the function of the cell wall?
The cell wall strengthens the cell. In plant cells it is made of cellulose.
What is the function of the vacuole?
The vacuole contains liquid called cell sap and is used by plants to keep the cell rigid and to store substances.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts absorb light energy so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.
Why are there some plant cells that do not have chloroplasts?
Only cells that photosynthesise have chloroplasts.
Draw and label a plant cell to include 8 parts and their functions.
Labelled
What are multicellular organisms?
Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells which work together to carry out the processes of life.
How are cells organised in multicellular organisms?
Cells are organised into tissues.
What is a tissue?
Tissues are groups of cells of one type organised together.
Give examples of tissues found in the human body.
Tissues in the human body include skin tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
What are tissues organised into?
Tissues are organised into organs.
What is an organ?
Organs are made up of groups of different tissues working together to carry out a job.
What are organs part of?
Organs are part of systems.
Draw a diagram starting with a single cell to show the levels of organisation in the human body.
Levels of Organisation
How are single celled organisms able to carry out all the processes of life?
Single celled organisms are specially adapted to be able to carry out all the processes of life.
How are muscle cells specialised to carry out their function?
Muscle cells are able to contract. This causes them to shorten and allows movement to take place. They also have many mitochondria to release the energy needed for contraction.
How are root hair cells specialised to carry out their function?
Root hair cells have a very large surface area which allows them to absorb water from the soil quickly.
Label the diagram of the skeleton.
Labelled Skeleton
How are muscles attached to bones?
Tendons attach muscles to bones.
Describe the stages in bending and extending your arm. Use the names of the muscles in your description.
1 - The biceps muscle contracts and the triceps muscle relaxes causing the arm to bend.
2 - The triceps muscle contracts and the biceps muscle relaxes causing the arm to extend.
Label a diagram of a joint.
Labelled Joint
Label a diagram of the respiratory system.
Labelled Respiratory System
Describe what your muscles need to do when you breathe in.
To breathe in, the intercostal muscles contract causing the ribs to move up and out and the diaphragm contracts and moves down.
Describe what your muscles need to do when you breathe out.
To breath out, the intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move down and in. The diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
