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Environmental > Microscopic Techniques > Flashcards

Microscopic Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

What shape are bacilli?

A

rod

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2
Q

What shape is spirochetes?

A

spiral/ corkscrew

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3
Q

What shape is the coccus?

A

sphere

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4
Q

When did the microscope originiate?

A

17th century

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5
Q

How does magnifying objects work?

A

combining convex and concave glass lenses

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6
Q

who invented the telescope?

A

johannes kepler

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7
Q

what is the book diotrice about

A

basic principles of light refraction and magnification

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8
Q

who designed the first microscope?

A

gelileo

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9
Q

who coined the term microscope

A

giovanni faber

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10
Q

what did Robert Hooke do?

A

coined the word cell
invented compound microscope
wrote book micrographia

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11
Q

what did antonie van leeuwenhoek do?

A

perfected the creation of simple lenses and built microscopes capable of 200x
observed bacteria, protozoans, sperm, and organelles

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12
Q

what is aberration

A

distortion of an image from the ideal optical image

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13
Q

what is the most common aberation?

A

spherical aberation

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14
Q

how does spherical aberation occur?

A

light rays travel through thicker parts of the lense and are refracted to a different degree than those that travel through thinner parts

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15
Q

who solved the problem of spherical aberation?

A

Joseph lister

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16
Q

how did Joseph lister solve the problem of spherical aberation

A

placing lense at precise distances from each other

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17
Q

what is chromatic aberation?

A

failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same convergence point

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18
Q

how is chromatic aberration corrected?

A

Charles hall used a second lense of a different shape and refracting properties to realign colors with minimal impact on the magnification

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19
Q

what is kohler illumination

A

uses Condensor and diaphragm to focus light rays onto specimen
**essential to modern light microscopy

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20
Q

how does Kohler illumination improve the viewing of specimens

A

illumination and resolution are increased

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21
Q

who discovered the importance of light diffraction

A

Abbe

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22
Q

what do cones do?

A

they detect color

23
Q

where are cones located?

A

fovea

24
Q

what is magnification

A

the increase in the apparent size of the specimen being observed

25
Q

what is resolve

A

ability to clearly separate two objects that are very close together

26
Q

what is resolving power?

A

minimum distance existing between two objects when these objects can still be observed as separate entities

27
Q

what is brightfield microscopy

A

specimens are visualized because cells differentially absorb or scatter light resulting in the differences in contrast between the objects and their surroundings

28
Q

how many objective lenses does a compound microscope have?

A

at least three (10, 40, 100)

29
Q

what is the ocular lens and the magnification

A

IT is the lense you look through and is 10x

30
Q

what is the smallest object resolvable?

A

0.5 gamma per numerical aperture

31
Q

how can specimens be viewed on bright field microscopy

A

via wet mounts, fixed and stained on glass slides to permit better examination of morphology and internal structure

32
Q

what are dyes and their purpose

A

staining that can be used to improve the visibility

33
Q

what is simple stain

A

utilizes one dye to improve the contrast against the unstained background

34
Q

what are some examples of simple stain

A

methylene blue, rose bengal

35
Q

what are differential stains?

A

use two different stains designated as the primary dye and the counterstain

36
Q

what is an example fo differential stain

A

gram staining

37
Q

what are special strains?

A

used to identify specific cell components such as bacterial capsules and spores

38
Q

what is dark field microscopy

A

involve light scattering where light reaches the specimen from only the slides

39
Q

what is dark field microscopy good for?

A

observing microbial swimming motility

40
Q

what is phase contrast microscopy

A

uses a special condenser and a phase plate in the objective lens to amplify the variation in phase and produce the higher contrast image

41
Q

what does phase contrast microscopy do?

A

amplify the variation in phase and produce higher contrast images
it also has better resolution than in brightfield

42
Q

What is DIC microscopy

A

polarizer makes two distinct beams that pass through the specimen and enhances subtle differences in the cell structure

43
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy

A

use fluorescence to reveal cells and their parts. specimen absorbs light at one wavelength and then emits light at a longer wavelength

44
Q

Why do cells fluoresce

A

they naturally contain fluorescent substances or they have been stained

45
Q

Direct Epifluorescent filter technique benefits

A

-target organism that can be concentrated
-remove growth inhibitors
-transferred to a different growth medium without physical injury

46
Q

what is immunofluorescence microscopy used for

A

detecting specific proteins and uses a dye that has been covalently attached

47
Q

What is FISH?

A

Fluorescent in situ hybridization

48
Q

Confocal laser-scanning microscopy

A

allows to access several planes of focus in specimen

49
Q

What is super-resolution imaging

A

shows how an individual an fluorescent protein moves within a living cell

50
Q

What is an electron microscope

A

uses electromagnetic lense, electrons, and a fluorescent screen

51
Q

what is a transmission electron microscope

A

clearly magnify an image 100x, electrons pass through or scatter to varying degrees

52
Q

What is negative staining

A

background is stained

53
Q

What is positive staining

A

the actual specimen is stained

54
Q

What is scanning electron microscopy

A

the specimen is coated with a thin film of a heavy metal
the electron beam then scans back and forth across

Environmental (6 decks)

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