microscopy, Aseptic technique, Environmental cultures, Handwashing, dental caries

Question 1

What is “aseptic technique”?

Answer 1

strategies used to prevent contamination

Question 2

What are 4 examples of aseptic technique?

Answer 2

hand washing, tying hair back, using a lab coat, wiping down tables

Question 3

How is media sterilized?

Answer 3

using an autoclave

Question 4

What is a bunson burner used for?

Answer 4

flaming tubes and tools

Question 5

What is broth in terms of media?

Answer 5

liquid in a tube

Question 6

What are the three advantages of using broth?

Answer 6

1. easy to transport 2. low contamination 3. fast growth (48 hours)

Question 7

What are the two disadvantages of using a broth?

Answer 7

1. no isolation 2. no sustained growth

Question 8

What is a plate in terms of media?

Answer 8

solid media in a plate

Question 9

What are the two advantages of using a plate?

Answer 9

1. isolation 2. sustained growth

Question 10

What are the three disadvantages of using a plate?

Answer 10

1. high contamination 2. can dry out 3. not easy to transport

Question 11

What is “slant” in terms of media?

Answer 11

solid media in a tube that is slanted

Question 12

What are the three advantages of using a slant?

Answer 12

1. easy to transport 2. low contamination 3. sustained growth

Question 13

What is the one disadvantage of using a slant?

Answer 13

no isolation

Question 14

What is a deep in terms of media?

Answer 14

solid media in tube layed flat

Question 15

What are the two uses of using a “deep”?

Answer 15

1. culturing an organism that has a low o2 preference 2. detect motility of bacteria

Question 16

What are the two types of normal flora?

Answer 16

resident flora and transient flora

Question 17

How do resident flora colonize on the body?

Answer 17

in a symbiotic relationship

Question 18

What is commensalism?

Answer 18

one organism benefits while the other neither benefits nor harms

Question 19

What is mutualism?

Answer 19

both organisms benefit

Question 20

What are opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 20

pathogens that do not cause disease in healthy individuals, under certain conditions disease happens

Question 21

What is transient flora?

Answer 21

may be on the body for a short time but do not colonize

Question 22

What are two examples of opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 22

Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus

Question 23

What do pathogens do?

Answer 23

cause disease

Question 24

What does culturing bacteria require?

Answer 24

media

Question 25

What is chemically defined media?

Answer 25

the exact chemical composition of the media is known

Question 26

What is complex media?

Answer 26

the exacts chemical composition varies slightly with each batch

Question 27

What is an example of complex media?

Answer 27

Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA)

Question 28

What does complex media sometimes contain?

Answer 28

nutrients extracts such as yeast extract, beef extract, peptone (partially digested protein)

Question 29

What is Agar?

Answer 29

marine algae extract

Question 30

What is the function of Agar?

Answer 30

solidifying agent

Question 31

What are the two unique properties of Agar?

Answer 31

1. most microbes can't degrade it because there is no nutrients 2. it liquefies at 100* C and stays liquid until cooled to 40*C

Question 32

What is the function of soaps and detergents?

Answer 32

Surfactants (wetting agent--decrease surface tension) emulsifies fats and oils on skin

Question 33

What is the result of soaps and detergents?

Answer 33

mechanically remove bacteria from skin with proper rinsing, not intended to kill (some do die)

Question 34

What is the active ingredient of hand sanitizer?

Answer 34

alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol)

Question 35

What is hand sanitizer effective against?

Answer 35

bacteria, fungi, viruses

Question 36

What is hand sanitizer ineffective against?

Answer 36

spores or endospores

Question 37

What is the function of hand sanitizer?

Answer 37

denature proteins and disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

Question 38

What is the result of hand sanitizer?

Answer 38

kill microbes

Question 39

What percentage of ethanol is optimal in hand sanitizer? Why not 100% ethanol?

Answer 39

62-70%. Water is required to denature proteins and 100% ethanol evaporates too fast

Question 40

Which streptococcus bacteria is normal flora in the mouth?

Answer 40

Streptococcus mutane and Streptococcus sanguinis

Question 41

What do the normal flora in the mouth produce when sucrose is found in the mouth?

Answer 41

sticky polysaccharides

Question 42

How are sticky polysaccharides formed in the mouth?

Answer 42

When sucrose is introduced to the mouth it is broken down into glucose and fructose

Question 43

What does glucose form?

Answer 43

Long chains of dextran

Question 44

What is dextran?

Answer 44

sticky carb chain that surrounds bacteria

Question 45

What is plaque?

Answer 45

masses of bacteria, dextran and debris adhering to teeth

Question 46

What does fermented fructose produce?

Answer 46

lactic acid

Question 47

What does lactic acid do to tooth enamel?

Answer 47

it erodes enamel which causes dental caries

Question 48

What is Streptococcus able to grow on?

Answer 48

tooth pulp and dentin

Question 49

What does sugarless candy contain?

Answer 49

sugar alcohol (sorbitol and mantitol)

Question 50

What can sugarless candy not be converted to?

Answer 50

dextrin (no glucose production)

Question 51

Although sugarless candy cannot be converted to dextrin, what can still happen?

Answer 51

it can still be fermented which creates lactic acid which will cause tooth erosion

Question 52

What does Snyder Agar contain?

Answer 52

Sucrose and fermentable sugar

Question 53

What is Bromcresol Green? What are the color of the indicators?

Answer 53

pH indicator. neutral: green, acidic: yellow, basic: blue

Question 54

What are the 3 other ingredients in Snyder Agar?

Answer 54

yeast extract, Agar and Nacl

Question 55

How many lens are there in a compound brightfield microscope?

Answer 55

2

Question 56

What is the first lens in the compound brightfield microscope?

Answer 56

Objective lens- closest to object

Question 57

What are the magnifications of the compound microscope and the colors associated?

Answer 57

4x (red), 10x (yellow), 40x (blue), 100x (white)

Question 58

What is the 2nd lens on a compound microscope?

Answer 58

ocular lens-closest to eye (10x)

Question 59

How do you calculate the total magnification?

Answer 59

Objective mag x ocular mag

Question 60

Where does brightfield come from?

Answer 60

The light comes from bottom to specimen

Question 61

What is the resolution?

Answer 61

The clarity of an image

Question 62

What is the limit of resolution?

Answer 62

the measurement of how far 2 points must be before the microscope can view them as seperate

Question 63

What is the refractive index?

Answer 63

Speed of light in a substance

Question 64

What is the refractive index of air, oil, and glass?

Answer 64

air=1, oil and glass= 1.5

Question 65

The ____ the limit of resolution the ____ the resolution.

Answer 65

shorter, better