Mid 1

Question 1

Intraneural signals are typically____. Interneural signals are typically ____.

Answer 1

Electrical, chemical

Question 2

3 Main types of neurons

Answer 2

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

Question 3

3 ways eukaryotes transport small molecules across the plasma membrane

Answer 3

Diffusion -
movement of ions or molecules from an area of higher concentration into an area of lower concentration

Facilitated diffusion -
proteins in the plasma membrane create a water filled pore for certain molecules to pass through

Active transport -
proteins use ATP to pump molecules against the concentration gradient

Question 4

What is transmembrane potential energy?

Answer 4

the voltage different across the cell’s membrane. (difference between the voltage inside the cell and outside the cell)

Question 5

Types of electrical signals within the neuron

Answer 5

Graded Potential-
created near axon hillock. Best for short distances

Action Potential-
created near axon hillock. Best for longer distances

Question 6

To be a neurotransmitter a chemical must…

Answer 6

• be synthesized in the transmitting neuron
• be released into the synaptic cleft
• bind to the receiving neuron’s receptors in order to change the neuron’s ionic permeability
• be decomposed in the synaptic cleft by enzymes
• bind to the receptors on the presynaptic membrane to inhibit neurotransmitter release

Question 7

Excitatory & Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

Answer 7

Excitatory increase the likelihood of the neuron creating an action potential inhibitory decrease the likelihood of the neuron creating an action potential.

Question 8

Action potentials

Answer 8

• first sodium ion channels open, depolarizing the neuron.
• the potassium ion channels open, repolarizing the neuron.
• all action potentials look the same, so it is not about the amplitude of the action potential but about the frequency
• action potentials are faster through mylenated axons

Question 9

2 types of postsynaptic receptors

Answer 9

lonotropic receptor
- a receptor that contains a binding site for the neurotransmitter, as well as an ion channel that it opened or closed by the neurotransmitter.

Metabotropic receptor
- a receptor that contains a binding site for the neurotransmitter, activating an enzyme that opens an ion channel somewhere else in the neuron

Question 10

2 ways of terminating the postsynaptic potential

Answer 10

Reuptake
-the removal of the neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic receptor

Enzymatic deactivation
-the destruction of a neurotransmitter with an enzyme

Question 11

Autoreceptor

Answer 11

• a receptor located on the presynaptic membrane

- typically inhibitory

Question 12

Narcotic anelgesic agents

Answer 12

• reduce the subjects perception of pain

Question 13

non-narcotic anelgesic agents

Answer 13

• reduce inflamation

Question 14

cholinergic agents

Answer 14

• act to increase or decrease acetylcholine or acetylcholinesterase

Question 15

adenergic agents

Answer 15

• depress either alpha or beta responses

Question 16

CNS stimulants

Answer 16

• increases norepinephrine

Question 17

anti-convulsants

Answer 17

• increases Na ions from entering the cell or promotes evacuation
• increases GABA
• decreases acytlcholine

Question 18

antipsychotics

Answer 18

• blocks dopamine sites

- decreases activity in the medulla

Question 19

anxiolitics

Answer 19

• alter responses in the limbic center

- increase GABA

Question 20

psychedelic

Answer 20

-alters cognition or perception

Question 21

types of hormone secretion

Answer 21

-endocrine
hormones are secreted via the bloodstream

-exocrine
hormones secreted via ducts

-paracrine
hormones diffuse through interstitial space

-pheramone
hormone diffused into the environment

Question 22

types of propioception receptors

Answer 22

• muscle spindles
• golgi tendon organs
• joint receptors