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mid Flashcards

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1
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

vessels that carry blood from the stomach/intestines to the liver

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2
Q

Objectivity - “view from nowhere”

A

describes a world as if your not part of it/ in it/ you are an observer/ it’s got nothing to do with you but it would still happen

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3
Q

World view

A

a perspective that individuals use to interpret and interact w/ the real world (what we believe reality is)

This can be shaped through beliefs, religion, and environment

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4
Q

Physicalism (physical materialism)

A

Idea that reality is matter

What we consider to be real - matter and energetic interactions

A view that everything in the world is, or is at the bottom, physical and it has evolved from materialism with advancements in the physical science

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5
Q

Pharmacology

A

How drugs interact with the body (absorption, distribution, mechanism of action)

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6
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

How drugs interact w/ your mind (psychological effects)

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7
Q

Pharmakon

A

Medicine and poison

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8
Q

Hepatic portal system:

A

vessels that carry blood from the stomach/intestines to the liver

System of veins consisting of hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. Responsible for directing blood from gastrointestinal tract to the liver

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels water

These guys are often transported through and between cells with hydrophilic proteins or structures attached to aid in their dispersal

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • water loving - loves to hang out with other things that have polarity/charge
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11
Q

ROE: Oral digestive (mouth)

A

ingestion by mouth, enters stomach and intestines
* hepatic portal system: gastrointestinal system to liver
* first-pass metabolism: biotransformation by liver
* time to brain ~ 20 mins

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12
Q

roe: Intraoral / buccal / oral buccal

A

3 mins

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13
Q

ROE: Rectal

A

3 minutes

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14
Q

ROE: Inhalation/smoking

A

10 secs

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15
Q

Parenteral Route

A

Route that does NOT PASS through the digestive system
Intraoral/buccal
Snorting
rectal

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16
Q

Macromolecules of biology

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

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17
Q

Synapse

A

Are the points of communicative contact between neurons

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18
Q

Electrical Synapse:

A

built from clusters of proteins that form channels in the membranes of 2 adjacent cells
Aka has a channel of proteins connecting 2 atoms, so electrical signal can travel straight over the synapse

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19
Q

CHEMICAL synapse:

A

Gap between the 2 neurons where neurons pass info in the form of neurotransmitters molecules

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20
Q

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

A

Slower, long lasting signaling, large diversity of effects: modulation of excitability, gene transcription, etc

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21
Q

Agonist

A

Molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and activates it
Neurotransmitters are agonists at their receptors

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22
Q

Antagonist

A

A molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and blocks it

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23
Q

Central Nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord; centrally coordinates information and activity throughout the body.
Controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, thought, and memory

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24
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Consists of the nerve and ganglia outside the CNS ; main function is to help connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Sensory, muscle, autonomic, enteric

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25
Sympathetic
REGULATES the FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE Increased heart rate/blood pressure Dilated lungs/pupils/airways Constricted bladder/intestinal mobility
26
Parasympathetic nervous system:
Regulates actions like “REST AND DIGEST” Decreases heart rate Constricts lung airways Constricts pupils Stimulates bladder
27
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system
28
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter for the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system
28
Sympathomimetic
Will activate sympathetic nervous system - MIMICS it Stimulates system (ex: widening the air passages in the lung)
29
Sympatholytic
Drug will disrupt activity of sympathetic nervous system
30
Parasympathomimetic
Will activate and produce
31
ROE: IV
20 secs
32
Parasympatholytic
Disrupts activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
33
First pass metabolism/biotransformation by liver
When material first passes into the bloodstream, it goes to the liver, if weird stuff is passing bye, it will be biotransformed Causes the drug to have a reduction in concentration
34
Number of Neurons in Brain
10^11 also known as 100,000,000,000 or one hundred billion
35
Glial Cells
Non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system that: - Surround/Support Neurons - Supply nutrients/oxygen to neurons - Insulates neurons from each other - Destroy pathogens/remove dead neurons They do not conduct electricity themselves
36
Blood Brain Barrier
Layer of endothelial cells that separates circulating blood from the brain and allows transportation by diffusion and transport through protiens
37
Bonds per Atom
Carbon: 4 Nitrogen: 3 Oxygen: 2 Hydrogen: 1
38
Is water polar/non-polar?
very polar. BUT, it does pass through the non-polar center of lipid bilayer in two ways: - Lipid Pathway: The concentration of water on the outside is so great that some water passes through anyway, aided by the fact that water molecules are so small - Water Channels: Water can pass through certain proteins called aquaporins
39
Are hydrocarbons polar/non-polar?
Non-polar, oily. Can diffuse through the bilayer
40
Phospholipid Bilayer
Hydrophilic polar head, non-polar hydrophobic head. Only small, non-polar molecules can diffuse through with the exception of water
41
Bronchiole Pharmacology
Asthma Treatmnet
42
Solanaceous Plant Family
Trumpet shaped, poisonous, pretty Family: Solanaceae, the nightshade family - ~100 genera, ~2500 species - Sol = sun, Solacium = Comfort - Food Plants: Tomato, Potato, Eggplant, Chili
43
Angel's Trumpet
Brugmansia, native to South America
44
Alkaloid
Naturally occurring organic compound usually containing a basic nitrogen They are poisons
45
Muscarinic
An acetylcholine receptor (AChR), found in the brain, parasympathetic nervous system, where neurons connect to organs
46
Deadly Nightshade (Latin Name)
Atropa Belladonna
47
Synaptic Vesicle
Vesicles that carry neurotransmitter, fuse with exterior membrane, release into synapse
48
Acute Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco
- CNS Stimulant, Relaxant - Anxiolytic: Reduces anxiety, enhances dreaming REM sleep - Increased heart rate and blood pressure - Increases metabolic rate, side effects include nausea and vomiting
49
Nicotine Tolerance
- Develop tolerance to toxic side effects (like nausea), heart rate slows down
50
Toxic Effects of Nicotine/Tobacco
- Vasoconstriction: Heart rate, blood pressure up permanently - Carbon monoxide concentration goes up in blood; hypoxia - Decreased fertility, fetal tobacco syndrome, premature death SIDS
51
Mainstream Smoke
Smoke exhaled by a smoker
52
Side-stream Smoke
Smoke from the lighted end flowing into the air (not in/exhaled by smoker)
53
Glutamine
Most common neurotransmitter in the human brain
54
Most prevalent Alcohol Using Age Group
21-25
55
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Species of yeast, believed to be instrumental in winemaking/baking/brewing since ancient times
56
Thanatopathia
A group of psychoactive drugs, largely related to tobacco, where the usage of the drug often causes death but people uses it anyway
57
Tropane Alkaloids
Atropine, Scopolamine Both can cross blood brain barrier, hydrophobic, parasympatholytic effects, acetycholine receptor antagonist, long lifetime
58
Prevalence
Percent of population affected with a particular condition or engaging in a particular behavior
59
Injections?
IV - Intravenous: time to brain ~20 seconds IM - Intramuscular: time to brain ~3 minutes IP - Intraperitoneal: time to brain ~3 minutes subQ - Subcutaneous: time to brain ~several minutes
60
Jean Nicot
Travelled from France to Portugal, brought tobacco back from Portugal to cure queen's headache
61
Richard Evans Schultes
Ethnobiologist who studied indigenous people and how they use plants
62
King James I
king who opposed tobacco; wrote "A Counterblaste to Tobacco"
63
Sir Walter Raleigh
popularized tobacco in England
64
Shaman
russia (siberian tungusic) Soman = one who knows
65
ROUTES OF ENTRY _ Tobacco
Smoking (inhalation) (can be observed thru mouth/lungs) Buccal (absorption thru mouth) (chewing tobacco, moist snuff) Intranasal insufflation (dry snuff, Oral-digestive (drinking) Rectal
66
liver: biotransformation / metabolism
* make foreign chemicals more water soluble to promote excretion * often reduces drug activity; may sometimes enhance it (prodrug à drug)
67
Blood flow
heart à arteries à capillaries à veins à heart * ~ 5 liters of blood; makes the rounds of the body ~ every minute * chemicals in blood distribute throughout entire blood supply * partition into body tissues to varying degrees

Drugs (5 decks)

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