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PHAC 3001 > Mid 2 > Flashcards

Mid 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In parasympathetic, what is being release from the brain to the post ganglion?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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2
Q

In parasympathetic, what is the post ganglion called?

A

Nicotinic Receptor (N)

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3
Q

After Ach is released from the post ganglionic fibres, where does Ach acts on next?

A

Muscurinic Receptors (M)

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4
Q

It’s a synapse where Ach is being released onto receptor?

A

Cholinergic Synapse

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5
Q

In sympathetic ganglia, what does the post ganglionic neuron release?

A

Norepinephrin (NE) or also called Noradrenaline (NA)

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6
Q

In sympathetic ganglia, where does NE acts on when its coming from the post-ganglia?

A

Heart (Beta-1 Receptor) and Smooth Muscles (Alpha-1 Receptor)

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7
Q

When sympathetic nervous system gets activated, what and where is being released? (besides the heart and smooth muscle)

A

Epinephrine at Blood Stream

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8
Q

It’s a voluntary system (we know that we can control)?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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9
Q

In Somatic Nervous system, when Ach is released, where does it act on?

A

As it arise form the spinal cord controlled by the brain —— it acts on muscle nicotinic receptors (Nm)

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10
Q

What is acetylcholine (Ach) made of?

A

Acetyl CoA and Choline

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11
Q

In order to have a good signaling in the NS, what happens to the neurotransmitters that gets released in the synapse?

A

degraded or gotten rid off

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12
Q

Where does norepinephrine (NE) gets released?

A

Adrenergic Transmission

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13
Q

What happens when NE is synthesized from nerve terminals (from tyrosine)?

A

Goes to DOPA —> NE (packed in vesicles) then released when this nerve terminal is activated

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14
Q

When NE gets released, where does it acts on? on which various type?

A

Alpha receptors and beta receptors (in which all of these are GPCRs)

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15
Q

It is act by what? when Ach bind to this and the Ach release is decreas?

A

Presynaptic Autoresponse (a negative feedback located on the pre synaptic terminal)

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16
Q

In adrenergic transmission, what is the primary route of NE when it gets release?

A

It gets REUPTAKE (goes back) to the nerve terminal or to the other tissue

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17
Q

In adrenergic transmission, what are the enzyme present?

A

In presynaptic – COMT (Catechol-O-methyl-tranferase)

Post synaptic – MAO (Monoamine oxidase)

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18
Q

what is/are the enzyme that breaks down NE? (not the primary route)

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase) and COMT (cathecol-o-methyl-transferase)

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19
Q

In the cholinergic transmission, what is the enzyme in the postsynaptic? and is responsible for breaking down Ach

A

Acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE)

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20
Q

When Ach is broken down, what gets taken back to the nerve terminal?

A

Choline

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21
Q

In adrenal gland, in SNS____ and PNS_____

A

release adrenaline; no inervation

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22
Q

In Blood Vessel (skin, gut), SNS______ and PNS______

A

Vasocontstriction; no inervation

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23
Q

In blood vessel (smooth muscle), SNS______ and PNS_______

A

Vasodilation; no inervation

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24
Q

In eyes, SNS_____and PNS_____

A

Dilate pupil; constrict pupil

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25
Q

In heart, SNS_____ and PNS_______

A

Increase rate, contractility; decrease rate

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26
Q

In Intestine, SNS_____ and PNS______

A

Decrease motility; increase motility, secretions

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27
Q

In respiratory, SNS______ and PNS______

A

Bronchodilation; bronchoconstriction

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28
Q

In salivary gland, SNS_____ and PNS______

A

Viscous saliva; Watery saliva

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29
Q

These are the drugs that prolong or mimic the action of Ach?

A

Cholinergic Agonist

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30
Q

What are the ways for cholinergic agonist to mimic Ach?

A

Direct agonist and Indirect agonist

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31
Q

These drugs binds to the receptors and acts like Ach, which PRODUCES a RESPONSE?

A

Cholinergic DIRECT agonist

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32
Q

These drugs increases the [Ach], which enhance its action at synapse

A

Cholinergic INDIRECT agonist

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33
Q

Nicotinic Agonist: Direct or Indirect Agonist?

A

Direct Acting Agents

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34
Q

how does a direct cholinergic agonist binds?

A

It activates the system causing an influx of positively charged ions (Na+) – which lead to DEPOLARIZATION of the muscles

35
Q

What happens when a direct agonist binds?

A

It DEPOLARIZE the muscle cells causing release of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

which leads to MUSCLE CONTRACTION

36
Q

These are the drugs tha are going to bind and repeat the same process

A

Nicotinic Agonist

37
Q

These are the drugs that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase

A

Indirect acting agents

38
Q

An indirect agent that weakly binds to AchE?

A

Neostigmine**

39
Q

A kind of NON-SELECTIVE muscarinic antagonist, that blocks all the muscurinic receptor?

A

Atropine**

40
Q

What is the GPCR receptor that activates GI (inhibiting G-protein) and decreases cAMP?

A

M2R

41
Q

What happens if the muscurinic receptor is blocked?

A

It will block the effects of excessive PNS activation of the heart.
Causes to SLOW THE HEART (activation of PNS is responsible)

42
Q

What happens if Ach is released into the system? (in a sinoatrial nodal cell)

What happens if blocked by a muscarinic antagonists?

A

Ach being release will slow the heart rate as it acts on to the M2R that will decrease heart

It will increase heart rate

43
Q

It would block all the autonomic ganglia and cause paralyzed to skeletal muscle becuase it prevented the action of Ach.

A

Nicotinic Antagonist (Nm)

44
Q

What happens when a nicotinic antagonist binds to system?

A

It blocks the acetylcholine binding site and STOPS the INFLUX of Na (positive charged ions) , and that would DECREASE the CALCIUM RELEASE and MUSCLE CONTRACTION

45
Q

Where does nicotinic antagonist would bind?

A

It would bind to acetylcholine binding site

46
Q

Where can nicotinic anatgonist (like pancuronium) be used for?

A

It can be used for surgery to relax skeletal muscle and intubation

47
Q

These are the drugs that prolong or mimic the action of NE?

A

Adrenergic Agonists

48
Q

What are the 3 receptors in adrenergic DIRECT acting agent?

A

Alpha-1 R (Smooth Muscle)
Beta-1 R (Heart)
Alpha-2 (feedback inhibition)

49
Q

What does an adrenergic DIRECT agonist do?

A

it binds to a type of receptor and act like NE and produce some type of response, and mimics SNS

50
Q

What does an adrenergic INDIRECT agonist do?

A

It can inhibit the reuptake of NE – which increase the [NE]

or

It can release NE

51
Q

In adrenergic:

what happens if an direct agent binds to alpha-1 receptor?

A

G-protein coupled receptor and it acts through Gq which results to INCREASE in CALCIUM release and causes CONSTRICTION of BLOOD VESSELS and BLOOD PRESSURE

52
Q

In adrenergic:

what happens if an direct agent binds to beta-1 receptor?

A

it increase cAMP, calcium release in the heart, and force of constriction

53
Q

In adrenergic:

what happens if an direct agent binds to alpha-2 receptor?

A

Its a feedback inhibition which REDUCES the NE release

54
Q

In adrenergic:

what are the 2 mechanism of indirect?

A

it blocks reuptake of NE or releases NE from terminal

55
Q

In adrenergic INDIRECT:

Cocain serve as

A

it blocks NE reuptake, because it can bind to alpha and beta receptors for activation

56
Q

In adrenergic Indirect:

Amphetamine serve as

A

causes release of NE which increase the [NE] in the synapse

57
Q

This drug activated the alpha receptor to increase blood pressure, and this can be used for hypertension

A

Prazosin**

58
Q

A non selective beta blocker (blocks beta 1 and 2)

A

Propanolol

59
Q

What are the 4 major classes of lipoprotein?

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

60
Q

What are the difference between the classes of lipoprotein?

A

Differs in size, lipid, and apolipoprotein content, and have distinct functions

61
Q

What are the similarities between the classes of lipoprotein?

A

Similar in tirglycerides and cholesterol esters.

62
Q

What surrounds the lipoprotein?

A

Phospholipid monolayer

63
Q

What is embedded in phospholipid monolayer?

A

Free cholesterol and apolipoprotein E.

64
Q

A class that is the largest particle; poor protein

A

Chylomicron

65
Q

A class that is the smallest particle but rich in protein

A

HDL

66
Q

These are rich in triglycerides (TG) than cholesterol (CHOL)

A

Chylomicrons and VLDL

67
Q

There are rich in cholesterol (CHOL) than triglycerides (TG)?

A

LDL and HDL

68
Q

An enzyme that is required to perform cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver

A

HMG-CoA reductase

69
Q

What is the end product of cholesterol catabolism?

A

bile acids

70
Q

This is an important means of cholesterol removal from the liver (and body)?

A

Bile acid biosynthesis

71
Q

This serves as detergent as it is SECRETED into the GI tract where they emulsify dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins

A

Bile Acids

72
Q

What are one of the ways to get rid of cholestereol in which is sent to GI tract?

A

Its converted to bile acids

73
Q

It is produced from the intestine that was originally a cholesterol turned to bile acid (from dietary lipids)?

A

Chylomicrons

74
Q

Once fatty acids are released from triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) that were present within the chylomicron, what happens next?

A

The FA gets taken up by the peripheral tissue, and we are left with chylomicron remnant that contains all the cholesterol that gets delivered back to the liver.

75
Q

Its the second lowest desnsity lipoprotein and is secreted by the liver as a vehicle to transport lipids to other tissue?

A

VLDL

76
Q

In VLDL, once triglycerides are hydrolyzed by LPL, what happens next?

A

It release FA that is taken up to the peripheral tissue and we are left with VLDL remnant that is able to converted to LDL

77
Q

Where and how is VLDL converted to LDL?

A

In the blood by removing apolipoprotein and lipolysis of remaining triglycerides

78
Q

In humans where is the majority of serum triglycerides are found?

A

VLDL

79
Q

This is cholesterol-rich and majority of circulating cholesterol is found here?

A

LDL

80
Q

How is bad cholesterol taken back to the liver?

A

When VLDL remnant is converted to LDL, this LDL that contains lots of cholesterol is taken back by LDL Receptor

81
Q

What is HDL consist of ?

A

apolipoprotein and phospholipids

82
Q

How is HDL get transported back to the liver?

A

It acquires lipids (FA) from VLDL and chylomicrons from the peripheral tissues and gets transported back via SCAVENGER RECEPTOR-BI

83
Q

What is it called when HDL is transported back to liver via scavenger receptor-BI?

A

reverse cholesterol transport

PHAC 3001 (2 decks)

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