Mid 2

Question 1

In parasympathetic, what is being release from the brain to the post ganglion?

Answer 1

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 2

In parasympathetic, what is the post ganglion called?

Answer 2

Nicotinic Receptor (N)

Question 3

After Ach is released from the post ganglionic fibres, where does Ach acts on next?

Answer 3

Muscurinic Receptors (M)

Question 4

It’s a synapse where Ach is being released onto receptor?

Answer 4

Cholinergic Synapse

Question 5

In sympathetic ganglia, what does the post ganglionic neuron release?

Answer 5

Norepinephrin (NE) or also called Noradrenaline (NA)

Question 6

In sympathetic ganglia, where does NE acts on when its coming from the post-ganglia?

Answer 6

Heart (Beta-1 Receptor) and Smooth Muscles (Alpha-1 Receptor)

Question 7

When sympathetic nervous system gets activated, what and where is being released? (besides the heart and smooth muscle)

Answer 7

Epinephrine at Blood Stream

Question 8

It’s a voluntary system (we know that we can control)?

Answer 8

Somatic Nervous System

Question 9

In Somatic Nervous system, when Ach is released, where does it act on?

Answer 9

As it arise form the spinal cord controlled by the brain —— it acts on muscle nicotinic receptors (Nm)

Question 10

What is acetylcholine (Ach) made of?

Answer 10

Acetyl CoA and Choline

Question 11

In order to have a good signaling in the NS, what happens to the neurotransmitters that gets released in the synapse?

Answer 11

degraded or gotten rid off

Question 12

Where does norepinephrine (NE) gets released?

Answer 12

Adrenergic Transmission

Question 13

What happens when NE is synthesized from nerve terminals (from tyrosine)?

Answer 13

Goes to DOPA —> NE (packed in vesicles) then released when this nerve terminal is activated

Question 14

When NE gets released, where does it acts on? on which various type?

Answer 14

Alpha receptors and beta receptors (in which all of these are GPCRs)

Question 15

It is act by what? when Ach bind to this and the Ach release is decreas?

Answer 15

Presynaptic Autoresponse (a negative feedback located on the pre synaptic terminal)

Question 16

In adrenergic transmission, what is the primary route of NE when it gets release?

Answer 16

It gets REUPTAKE (goes back) to the nerve terminal or to the other tissue

Question 17

In adrenergic transmission, what are the enzyme present?

Answer 17

In presynaptic – COMT (Catechol-O-methyl-tranferase)

Post synaptic – MAO (Monoamine oxidase)

Question 18

what is/are the enzyme that breaks down NE? (not the primary route)

Answer 18

MAO (monoamine oxidase) and COMT (cathecol-o-methyl-transferase)

Question 19

In the cholinergic transmission, what is the enzyme in the postsynaptic? and is responsible for breaking down Ach

Answer 19

Acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE)

Question 20

When Ach is broken down, what gets taken back to the nerve terminal?

Answer 20

Choline

Question 21

In adrenal gland, in SNS____ and PNS_____

Answer 21

release adrenaline; no inervation

Question 22

In Blood Vessel (skin, gut), SNS______ and PNS______

Answer 22

Vasocontstriction; no inervation

Question 23

In blood vessel (smooth muscle), SNS______ and PNS_______

Answer 23

Vasodilation; no inervation

Question 24

In eyes, SNS_____and PNS_____

Answer 24

Dilate pupil; constrict pupil

Question 25

In heart, SNS_____ and PNS_______

Answer 25

Increase rate, contractility; decrease rate

Question 26

In Intestine, SNS_____ and PNS______

Answer 26

Decrease motility; increase motility, secretions

Question 27

In respiratory, SNS______ and PNS______

Answer 27

Bronchodilation; bronchoconstriction

Question 28

In salivary gland, SNS_____ and PNS______

Answer 28

Viscous saliva; Watery saliva

Question 29

These are the drugs that prolong or mimic the action of Ach?

Answer 29

Cholinergic Agonist

Question 30

What are the ways for cholinergic agonist to mimic Ach?

Answer 30

Direct agonist and Indirect agonist

Question 31

These drugs binds to the receptors and acts like Ach, which PRODUCES a RESPONSE?

Answer 31

Cholinergic DIRECT agonist

Question 32

These drugs increases the [Ach], which enhance its action at synapse

Answer 32

Cholinergic INDIRECT agonist

Question 33

Nicotinic Agonist: Direct or Indirect Agonist?

Answer 33

Direct Acting Agents

Question 34

how does a direct cholinergic agonist binds?

Answer 34

It activates the system causing an influx of positively charged ions (Na+) – which lead to DEPOLARIZATION of the muscles

Question 35

What happens when a direct agonist binds?

Answer 35

It DEPOLARIZE the muscle cells causing release of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which leads to MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Question 36

These are the drugs tha are going to bind and repeat the same process

Answer 36

Nicotinic Agonist

Question 37

These are the drugs that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase

Answer 37

Indirect acting agents

Question 38

An indirect agent that weakly binds to AchE?

Answer 38

Neostigmine**

Question 39

A kind of NON-SELECTIVE muscarinic antagonist, that blocks all the muscurinic receptor?

Answer 39

Atropine****

Question 40

What is the GPCR receptor that activates GI (inhibiting G-protein) and decreases cAMP?

Answer 40

M2R

Question 41

What happens if the muscurinic receptor is blocked?

Answer 41

It will block the effects of excessive PNS activation of the heart. Causes to SLOW THE HEART (activation of PNS is responsible)

Question 42

What happens if Ach is released into the system? (in a sinoatrial nodal cell) What happens if blocked by a muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 42

Ach being release will slow the heart rate as it acts on to the M2R that will decrease heart It will increase heart rate

Question 43

It would block all the autonomic ganglia and cause paralyzed to skeletal muscle becuase it prevented the action of Ach.

Answer 43

Nicotinic Antagonist (Nm)

Question 44

What happens when a nicotinic antagonist binds to system?

Answer 44

It blocks the acetylcholine binding site and STOPS the INFLUX of Na (positive charged ions) , and that would DECREASE the CALCIUM RELEASE and MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Question 45

Where does nicotinic antagonist would bind?

Answer 45

It would bind to acetylcholine binding site

Question 46

Where can nicotinic anatgonist (like pancuronium) be used for?

Answer 46

It can be used for surgery to relax skeletal muscle and intubation

Question 47

These are the drugs that prolong or mimic the action of NE?

Answer 47

Adrenergic Agonists

Question 48

What are the 3 receptors in adrenergic DIRECT acting agent?

Answer 48

Alpha-1 R (Smooth Muscle) Beta-1 R (Heart) Alpha-2 (feedback inhibition)

Question 49

What does an adrenergic DIRECT agonist do?

Answer 49

it binds to a type of receptor and act like NE and produce some type of response, and mimics SNS

Question 50

What does an adrenergic INDIRECT agonist do?

Answer 50

It can inhibit the reuptake of NE – which increase the [NE] or It can release NE

Question 51

In adrenergic: what happens if an direct agent binds to alpha-1 receptor?

Answer 51

G-protein coupled receptor and it acts through Gq which results to INCREASE in CALCIUM release and causes CONSTRICTION of BLOOD VESSELS and BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 52

In adrenergic: what happens if an direct agent binds to beta-1 receptor?

Answer 52

it increase cAMP, calcium release in the heart, and force of constriction

Question 53

In adrenergic: what happens if an direct agent binds to alpha-2 receptor?

Answer 53

Its a feedback inhibition which REDUCES the NE release

Question 54

In adrenergic: what are the 2 mechanism of indirect?

Answer 54

it blocks reuptake of NE or releases NE from terminal

Question 55

In adrenergic INDIRECT: Cocain serve as

Answer 55

it blocks NE reuptake, because it can bind to alpha and beta receptors for activation

Question 56

In adrenergic Indirect: Amphetamine serve as

Answer 56

causes release of NE which increase the [NE] in the synapse

Question 57

This drug activated the alpha receptor to increase blood pressure, and this can be used for hypertension

Answer 57

Prazosin****

Question 58

A non selective beta blocker (blocks beta 1 and 2)

Answer 58

Propanolol

Question 59

What are the 4 major classes of lipoprotein?

Answer 59

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL

Question 60

What are the difference between the classes of lipoprotein?

Answer 60

Differs in size, lipid, and apolipoprotein content, and have distinct functions

Question 61

What are the similarities between the classes of lipoprotein?

Answer 61

Similar in tirglycerides and cholesterol esters.

Question 62

What surrounds the lipoprotein?

Answer 62

Phospholipid monolayer

Question 63

What is embedded in phospholipid monolayer?

Answer 63

Free cholesterol and apolipoprotein E.

Question 64

A class that is the largest particle; poor protein

Answer 64

Chylomicron

Question 65

A class that is the smallest particle but rich in protein

Answer 65

HDL

Question 66

These are rich in triglycerides (TG) than cholesterol (CHOL)

Answer 66

Chylomicrons and VLDL

Question 67

There are rich in cholesterol (CHOL) than triglycerides (TG)?

Answer 67

LDL and HDL

Question 68

An enzyme that is required to perform cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver

Answer 68

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 69

What is the end product of cholesterol catabolism?

Answer 69

bile acids

Question 70

This is an important means of cholesterol removal from the liver (and body)?

Answer 70

Bile acid biosynthesis

Question 71

This serves as detergent as it is SECRETED into the GI tract where they emulsify dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins

Answer 71

Bile Acids

Question 72

What are one of the ways to get rid of cholestereol in which is sent to GI tract?

Answer 72

Its converted to bile acids

Question 73

It is produced from the intestine that was originally a cholesterol turned to bile acid (from dietary lipids)?

Answer 73

Chylomicrons

Question 74

Once fatty acids are released from triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) that were present within the chylomicron, what happens next?

Answer 74

The FA gets taken up by the peripheral tissue, and we are left with chylomicron remnant that contains all the cholesterol that gets delivered back to the liver.

Question 75

Its the second lowest desnsity lipoprotein and is secreted by the liver as a vehicle to transport lipids to other tissue?

Answer 75

VLDL

Question 76

In VLDL, once triglycerides are hydrolyzed by LPL, what happens next?

Answer 76

It release FA that is taken up to the peripheral tissue and we are left with VLDL remnant that is able to converted to LDL

Question 77

Where and how is VLDL converted to LDL?

Answer 77

In the blood by removing apolipoprotein and lipolysis of remaining triglycerides

Question 78

In humans where is the majority of serum triglycerides are found?

Answer 78

VLDL

Question 79

This is cholesterol-rich and majority of circulating cholesterol is found here?

Answer 79

LDL

Question 80

How is bad cholesterol taken back to the liver?

Answer 80

When VLDL remnant is converted to LDL, this LDL that contains lots of cholesterol is taken back by LDL Receptor

Question 81

What is HDL consist of ?

Answer 81

apolipoprotein and phospholipids

Question 82

How is HDL get transported back to the liver?

Answer 82

It acquires lipids (FA) from VLDL and chylomicrons from the peripheral tissues and gets transported back via SCAVENGER RECEPTOR-BI

Question 83

What is it called when HDL is transported back to liver via scavenger receptor-BI?

Answer 83

reverse cholesterol transport