Mid 2

Question 1

Fick Equation

Answer 1

Relationship b/w Metabolism and Cardiovascular Function

1) VO2= Q (a-v)O2difference
2) VO2= HR x SV x (a-v)O2diff

Question 2

Cardiac Output Measurement Equation

Answer 2

Q= HR x SV 
HR= BPM
SV= mL

Question 3

Dead Space- Anatomical vs. Physiological

Answer 3

space in the alveoli

Question 4

Cardiac Output levels at Rest and Maximal Exertion

Answer 4

at Rest- 4 liters/ min (small person) to 6 liters/min (average) (can vary depending on person)
Maximal- Males 22 liters/min
Females 15 liters/min

Question 5

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Answer 5

EF= SV / EDV
Averages 60% at rest
Proportion of blood pumped out of L ventricle w/ each beat.
- Common in older people, pumps more but less blood.

Question 6

Systolic Blood Pressure

Answer 6

increases in direct proportion to the intensity of exercise

Question 7

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Answer 7

Very Little change w/ exercise

Question 8

Max Arterial Pressure (blood pressure)

Answer 8

1/3 (systolic- diastolic) + diastolic

Question 9

Rate Pressure Product

Answer 9

SBP x HR

a Measure of myocardial workload

Question 10

Factors Affecting Blood Flow

Answer 10

Pressure Gradient: 1 side vessel vs. another side.
HR & SV: + press. on that end.
Vessel Radius- ves. increase in size
Vessel length- travels more/ less
Viscosity of Blood- if blood is thicker it/w flow slower

Question 11

Factors affecting Vessel radius

Answer 11

Oxygen level
Temp. Changes
CO2 levels 
Blood acidity
adenosine levels
CADET to the right

Question 12

Hypertension

Answer 12

A SBP of ≥ 140, or a DBP ≥ 90 measured on at least 2 separate locations.

Question 13

AHA Rec blood pressure levels

Answer 13

Normal: systolic & diastolic 100 or>

Question 14

Effects of exercise on BP

Answer 14

Reduced resting catecholamine levels
Post exercise dilation of blood vessels
Possible lower blood sodium levels
Weight control

Question 15

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max)

Answer 15

VO2max= Q x a-vO2diff

Question 16

A-VO2 difference

Answer 16

average A-VO2 difference is 15 @ max exercise
Increase fitness, assoc. w/ increase A-VO2 diff. due to better extraction of oxygen & better distribution of the blood.

Question 17

Oxygen Utilization

Answer 17

Myocardium utlizes 70-80% of available O2 at rest and exercise

Question 18

Karvonen

Answer 18

HRR (karvonen)
Target HR= [%exercise intensity x (HRmax - HRrest)] + HRrest
MAX HR
HRmax x % intensity= target HR

Question 19

Limitations of HR

Answer 19

meds
emotions
temp
humidity
air pollution

Question 20

Rating of perceived exertion

Answer 20

prescribe intensity 
monitor intensity
RPE 12 to 16
  -approx 40 to 84% HRR
Use alone in conjunction with HR

Question 21

cool down

Answer 21

reduce risk of cardio complications
gradually reduce intensity 5- 10 min
Allow HR and BP to return to Baseline or near
Prevents pooling of blood in extremities
reduce dizziness and fainting

Question 22

time (duration)

Answer 22

-prescribe time and intensity to prop. stress cario resp system
ACSM rec:
30-60min moderate
20-60min vigorous
for a total of 150/week of moderate exercise or 75 of vig

Question 23

increase exercise volume

Answer 23

no more than 10% per week

Question 24

Aerobic training methods

Answer 24

continuous training
one contnnous exercise bout
Discontinnous training
several intermittent low to high intensity bouts interspersed w/ rest period

Question 25

signs/symptoms of over training

Answer 25

mild led soreness general aches, pains in muscles and joints, washed-out feeling, tired, drained, lack of energy sudden drop in ability to run normal distance or times

Question 26

Fick's Law

Answer 26

Rate of diffusion proportional to surface area, difference in partial pressure, inversely proportionate to membrane thickness

Question 27

Ambient air

Answer 27

No2 79.04% O2 20.93% CO2 0.03%

Question 28

Dalton's law of total air pressure

Answer 28

P= PN2 + PO2 + PCO2

Question 29

Ventilation/Perfusion ratio (V/Q)

Answer 29

Ideally 1.0 Rest or light exercise 0.8 maximal exercise 5.0

Question 30

Gas Exchange

Answer 30

Pulmonary -lungs | Tissue- muscle etc.

Question 31

gas exchange in alveoli

Answer 31

amtospheric PO2= 159mmhg alveolarPO2= 105mmhg Pulmonary artery PO2= 40mmhg 65mmhg (105mmhg- 40mmhg)

Question 32

RBC

Answer 32

2,3 DPG is a byproduct of glycolysis in RBC's, increased levels of reduce hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

Question 33

Myoglobin

Answer 33

``` Bind O2 at Lower pressure Only 1 iron per molecule Binds 2 molecule of O2 Releases O2 to mitochondria PO2 is 1 - 2 mmhg ```

Question 34

CO2 Transport

Answer 34

Dissolved in plasma 5% Combined with HEM 20% (carbonemohemoglobin) Combined w/ H2O Carbonic acid (H2CO3) Eventually Bicarbonate (HCO3) - loses 1 H from last step

Question 35

Factors Controlling ventilation

Answer 35

at rest, PO2 & PCO2 (neurogenic factors) | in exercise, temp. pH, Neurogenic factors, Humoral, muscle and joint receptors.

Question 36

Ventilatory Equivalent

Answer 36

20 to 25 L of air | 1 L of O2

Question 37

Energy cost of breathing

Answer 37

4% of total metabolism | 40% of metabolism for person w/ (emphysema)

Question 38

Smoking Exercise Capacity

Answer 38

Decrease max exercise capacity Increase Resistance breathing Increase time required to get steady state appear more fit during submax testing

Question 39

acid base regulation

Answer 39

Chemical bufferes bicarbonate phosphate protein

Question 40

respiratory Zone

Answer 40

large surface area 300 million alveoli 60- 80 Square meters

Question 41

Inspiration

Answer 41

Diaphragm contracts and flattens out external intercostals outside ribs pulling them over Increased Vol of the chest allows flow of air to lungs

Question 42

Expiration

Answer 42

passive at rest active during exercise or forced expiration internal intercostils, abdominal muscles

Question 43

Pulmonary Volumes and capacities

Answer 43

``` Tidal Volume (~0.5L) Inspiratory reserve (~3,0L) (IRV greater) Expiratory Reserve (~1.0L) (ERV less) ```