Mid Atlantic

Question 1

Madeira

Answer 1

Colonized island-nation within Portuguese territory. Contained sugar plantations where slaves were used. Genoese fund using loans. Until early 16th century, one of largest exporters of sugar.

Question 2

Co-Revelation

Answer 2

Event recognized as a revelation by believers from two or more religious traditions. Two court members of the Kingdom of Kongo dreamt of the Virgin and found a cross-shaped stone in the river. Another occurred with the Nahua people having dreams in the Americas. Another was conversion of Huron, more dreams.

Question 3

Indian Conquistadors

Answer 3

Conquering of Mesoamerica would not have been possible without help of Indigenous allies to Spanish. Tlaxcala sought out Cortes to ally against the Aztec in return for land. They were instrumental in conquering as they knew the geography and politics of the Mexica. Also helped Pizarro with his conquest of Peru.

Question 4

Queen Nzinga’s War

Answer 4

In Kingdom of Ndongo, Portuguese establish Angola because they wanted to convert. The Portuguese used it to take tributes from elites and take captives from war. 1624, Queen Nzinga leads anti-Portuguese party. This war created many captives that Portugal sold into slavery. In 1671, Portugal occupied Ndongo and captured and killed Nzinga.

Question 5

The Wampum Trade

Answer 5

Wampum shell beads had societal and ritual value among eastern Indigenous peoples. English would extort wampum from tribes to fund their future expansion. This lead to the Pequot War where the English practiced scorched earth warfare.

Question 6

Potosi

Answer 6

Potosi was a large silver deposit which became crucial to the Spanish empire and global economy. A native man discovered it. The labor draft was soon established to meet demands of the mines. Quickly became world’s leading silver supplier. 1/5 of silver went to the king.

Question 7

The Middle Ground

Answer 7

Based on mutual accommodations of English and Natives. Neither side could dominate each other and this created misunderstandings.

Question 8

Three Concepts of Atlantic History

Answer 8

Circum-Atlantic History - transnational history of Atlantic
Trans-Atlantic History - international history of atlantic
Cis-Atlantic History - national or regional history within atlantic context

Question 9

Transatlantic Moment

Answer 9

European engagement with the Muslim world contributed to cultural shifts. Reconquista set the stage for Europeans to exploit Africa for its labor and resources.

Question 10

Certainty behind Columbus

Question 11

Portuguese into African

Question 12

Incan Empire

Answer 12

1400s Incan empire is founded, conquest state polytheistic religion

Question 13

Caribbean Civilizations

Answer 13

Contained caciques, or tribal chiefdoms

Question 14

Iroquois

Answer 14

In early 1000s, Iroquois settled in present day New York and Canada, 1500 five nations formed confederacy.

Question 15

Songhay Empire

Answer 15

Emerges in 1400s, raiding and militarization focused empire. Invaded by Morocco.

Question 16

Kingdom of Kongo

Answer 16

Emerges in 1300s. 1483, Portuguese arrive in Kongo, begin conversions of population. 1491, missionaries invited to Kongo. A co-revelation occurs with several members of the court and many convert. Struggles to control Portuguese slaver traders. Leads to Kongo Civil War where Portuguese benefit.

Question 17

Pax Mongolica

Answer 17

Peace with Mongolian Empire, allowed for mass trade via the silk road. 1200s, the Mongolian empire would fall shortly after.

Question 18

Reconquista

Answer 18

Muslim states conquer Iberian Peninsula beginning in 720. Reconquista begins, ending with capture of Granada in 1492. After this point Muslims expelled or forced to convert.

Question 19

Black Death

Answer 19

Bubonic Plague sweeps across Europe, 1346 - 1353, Europeans emerge more educated and intolerant

Question 20

Portuguese Empire

Answer 20

In 1400s, Portugal sought new gold markets and turned to West Africa. Controlled a large amount of gold trade. Attempted many enslavement raids in Africa. Sought peace after large African resistance and established peaceful trade. Portugal then seeks to build a permanent center for trade in Africa.

Question 21

Spanish Overextension

Answer 21

Spanish overextend under Philip II, war with British empire, and Dutch obtain independence in 1609.

Question 22

English Empire

Answer 22

Conquer Ireland in 1500s, Elizabeth issues privateering licenses to English merchants. Virginia Company establishes Virginia in 1607. After ousting Dutch from New Netherland, become more involved in Atlantic Slave trade. 1655 captures Spanish Jamaica. End of the 17th century is world’s leading superpower.

Question 23

Dutch Empire

Answer 23

After obtaining independence from Spain in 1609, becomes powerful colonial force. Founds New Netherland. This was a single colony in Manhattan; collaborated with the Iroquois for the fur trade. Anglo-Dutch Wars of 1652-1674 led to Dutch surrender of this territory.

Question 24

Edict of Expulsion

Answer 24

1492, Forced conversion of jews and others including those in West Africa, Many Jewish peoples expelled from Europe.

Question 25

Morocco

Answer 25

1591, Expelled Portuguese and invaded Songhay, leaving West Africa weak to invasions.

Question 26

Recall four interlocking factors that gave rise to the Atlantic Slave Trade.

Answer 26

1) European maritime expansion being funded by Italian merchants. 2) Expulsion and enslavement of many Non-Christian. 3) Portuguese/African raids. 4) Colonization of Americas by European, demand for labor.

Question 27

Why is the Atlantic the last major body of water to become a regular channel of navigation?

Answer 27

Trade winds, currents, and countercurrents. Might have been crossed to some extend by Scandinavians and Native Americans.

Question 28

Caribbean Debacle

Answer 28

Warfare, enslavement, and overwork cause initial collapse of the Caribbean. Population falls from 1 million to 11k from 1492 to 1517. Disease then follows in 1518.

Question 29

New Laws

Answer 29

Spanish reformers attempted to establish law forbidding the enslavement of indigenous and preventing more encomiendas. This has serious backlash.

Question 30

Brazil and New Guinea

Answer 30

Portuguese establish colony in Brazil where Indigenous slavery is not allowed. Enslaved Africans were provided by Portugal and Brail becomes the leading sugar producer.

Question 31

Palmares

Answer 31

Unconquered indigenous peoples offer a haven for escaped Africans. In 1690s it is crushed by Portuguese.

Question 32

Nahua

Answer 32

Converted by co-revelations, supposed lost tribe of Israel. Christianity was understood along with their religion.

Question 33

Fur Trade

Answer 33

Binds Huron and French in a dependency. French allying with Huron meant they became involved in local conflicts. Introduction of firearms in area creates cycle of competition.

Question 34

Gender Frontiers

Answer 34

Where different gender roles/systems collide, intermarriage, multicultural world adaptations.