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BIOM1070 > Mid-Sem Exam > Flashcards

Mid-Sem Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

A phospholipid layer that encloses the cell and controls movement in and out of the cell.

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2
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

All fluid, dissolved materials and organelles between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane.

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3
Q

What does semi-permeable membrane mean?

A

A membrane that only allows certain molecules to pass through it.

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4
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A type of lipid in which the head is hydrophilic and two fatty tails are hydrophobic

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5
Q

What is Cholesterol?

A

a type of lipid in the cell membrane - maintains membrane fluidity

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6
Q

What is Phytosterol?

A

A plant derived lipid compound, similar to cholesterol in function.

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7
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small membrane bound sac in cytoplasm that transports, stores and digests substances.

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8
Q

What is passive movement?

A

The movement of materials across the membrane that occurs without the expenditure of energy.

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9
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The passive movement of molecules and particles across a concentration gradient, from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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10
Q

What is a carrier protein?

A

A protein within the membrane that assist molecules to cross the membrane in facilitated diffusion and/or active transport. They bind to specific molecules on one side of the membrane, change shape and release the substance on the other side.

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11
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

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12
Q

What does Isotonic mean?

A

A fluid is equal solute concentration with another fluid.

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13
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

A fluid is higher solute concentration to another fluid.

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14
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

A fluid is lower solute concentration to another fluid.

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15
Q

What is active transport?

A

The process of using energy to move across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration.

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16
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the energy currency of the cells.

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17
Q

What does a polar molecule mean?

A

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, giving it distinct charged ends.

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18
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The movement of large particles from the environment into cells through vesicle formation.

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19
Q

How do large polar molecules pass through the membrane?

A

Through endocytosis

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20
Q

Describe the process of endocytosis?

A

Cells change shape and sound out projections that surround the material. The cell membrane of the properties meet. Membrane fuses and forms vesicle. Stores or transports substance within the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

What is phagocytosis for?

A

The bulk transport of solid particles inside a cell via a vesicle.

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22
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Large molecules held inside vesicles within the cell are transported to the external environment. It is the opposite of endocytosis.

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23
Q

How do charged, hydrophilic molecules such as Ka+ cross the membrane?

A

Through specific ion channels

24
Q

What is the cytoskeleton for?

A

For cell shape, support and movement.

25
Q

What is the vacuole for?

A

For plants to remain turgor pressure against cell wall. It pushes chloroplasts against the cellular membrane so that they are closer to light.

26
Q

What is the cell wall for?

A

To maintain shape. It is made up of polysaccharides.

27
Q

What is a golgy body?

A

Only found in eukaryotic cells, it transports, modifys and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to the target destination.

28
Q

What is the capsule in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Made up on polysaccharides on the outside of the cell, it prevents desiccation of bacteria and maintains immunity to bacteriophages.

29
Q

What is flagella / pili used for?

A

Motility and attachment.

30
Q

Do Prokaryotes have mitochondria or chloroplasts?

A

NO, they use their cell membranes for respiration and photosynthesis. Mitochondria are about the size of prokaryotic cells.

31
Q

What do animals have but not plant cells?

A

Flagella, lysosomes, centrioles

32
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont?

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata.

33
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA. It is surrounded by a double membrane. Interior nucleus contains protein + DNA = chromatin.

34
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

DNA + protein

35
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site where ribosome units are assembled.

36
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Made at the nucleolus. They perform protein synthesis. They read mRNA and produce encoded protect in a process called translation.

37
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A membrane system continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus.

38
Q

What does the rough Endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

It harbours ribosomes, meaning it is a major organelle for protein synthesis. After they are chemically modified, they are packed into vesicles and transported to the Golgi endomembrane system.

39
Q

What does the Smooth ER do?

A

It does not do protein synthesis but LIPID synthesis. Also detoxifies drugs in the liver.

40
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It is the site of respiration. It has 2 membranes - outer smooth and inner, folded into shelf like structures. It is semi-autonomous, has its own DNA and ribosomes for making protein.

41
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 +602 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

42
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthetic centre. 3 membranes, inner, outer, thykaloid.

43
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It is passive transport that is aided by proteins. It speeds up the passive movement of molecules.

44
Q

What are two types of transport proteins and what do they do?

A

There is the carrier proteins that bind themselves to molecules on one side, change shape and shuttle them across the membrane.

There is also channel proteins such as aquaporins and ion channels that open and close in response to stimuli.

45
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

An electrogenic pump that generates voltage across a membrane.

46
Q

What is co-transport?

A

Occurs when active transport of solute indirectly drives transport of another solute. E.g. sodium potassium pump work together with Na+ to drive glucose uptake against concentration gradient.

47
Q

What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. transport
  2. enzymatic activity
  3. signal transduction
  4. cell-cell recognition
  5. inter-cellular join
  6. attachment to cytoskeleton / ECM
48
Q

What is the formula for osmolarity?

A

Molar concentration x no. of molecules in the solution

49
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

50
Q

What is amphipathic?

A

Having a hydrophilic head and two fatty hydrophobic tails - able to interact with both polar and non-polar substances.

51
Q

Which is charged, hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules?

A

Hydrophilic.

52
Q

What encourages membrane fluidity?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks.

53
Q

Why can small hydrophobic molecules pass through the membrane?

A

Things like CO2 and O2 can just pass through because they are hydrophobic and the largest part of the membrane is hydrophobic.

54
Q

How many different carbon bonds can there be?

A

4

55
Q

carbohydrates typical form?

A

CH2O

56
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

Amino group, carboxyl, carbon centre

BIOM1070 (2 decks)

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