Mid term 1 Flashcards

Question

EE in gen is very variable

Answer 1

in peak EE in your 20s and starts to go down as you as a result of decresed muscle mass decresed activity levels

Answer 2

Many ways best is the doubly labeleed water technique in qhich we substitute water for water isotopes h2 and o18 hydrogen which gets found in your sweat and urine and oxygen as co2 you look at the ratio between hydrogen and oxygen in the urine as the ratio goes down concentration goes down and you are expending more energy need to have a complete diet record and also you cant replace more than 25% of the bodies water but doing it in small amounts is safe it is useful in any sporting enviroment as you have equasions to account for themic effect of exercise but they dont take into account contact and hits another way is direct calorimetry, which is the caloric chamber. the problem with that tho is that it's not really a free-living situation, as you don't get to do whatever you want

Answer 3

In sports, a lot of the time, your intake will be less than your TDEE, which leads to low energy availabilities, meaning you are not eating enough to combat expenditure, which impacts performance not bad in the short term but does have a lasting effect

Answer 4

BMR measurements are taken in dark room upon waking after 8 hrs of sleep and fasting for 12 hrs to ensure digestive system is inactive with subject in reclined position RMR is taken under less strict enviroments and do not require the individual to spen the nigh sleeping in the test facility

Answer 5

Overnigh fast subject awake controlled the phase of menteral cycle as it is higher in luteal phase abstinence from exercise for 12 hrs resting in a supine positing (laying down) as muscles need to be relaxed Thermoneutral conditions - temp as close to body temp as possible

Answer 6

The energy needed to sustain life function which at rest

Answer 7

Direct calorimitry - heat production = metabolism indirect calormitry based on analysis of expired gases can also use preduction formulas but these are not very effective for a single indiviudal

Answer 8

Weight - increse RMR with an increse in weight - more muscle more RMR as muscle is more metabolically active age - 1-2 percent decline per decade after 20 gender - higher in ales genetics ethnicity body temp - every 1 degree increse in body temp there is a 12 percent increse in resting RMR Fitness levels in trained vs untrained athletes, as well as EPOC

Answer 9

Thermogenesis - heat production - made up of obligatory and facultative means they both influence metabolic rate Obligatory hermogenesis - energy required to digest absorb and metabolicze nutrients and is also independent of ambient temp Faculative thermogene - speciaized form of thermogen that is activated only as a cold defencse mechnanism to maintain body temp - extra heat produced on demand ot maintain body temp - shivering (skeletal muscle) switched on and off via nervous system - brown fat metabolism 0 contains mitochondria that produce energy

Answer 10

starvation or what the body thinks starvation is decreses RMR to compensate for it, for example when. dieting fasting or overeating Your first first loosing weight, RMR and BW are linearly related, if you decrese by 10lbs there is similar known decrese in RMR However after subsequent weight loss periods there is a drop in RMR that is much lower that what you would expect from the loss of tissue in a 15 week study using caloric restruction and weight loss drugs they predicted the resting energy expendtiture but in actuality it decresed way more than expected one short cycle of body weight loss and regain can induce a reduction in TDEE that is much lower than predicted by body weight

Answer 11

Does it come back? nope not usually after weight loss the decrese in RMR will not come back after you regain the weight, it will stay low Incresed risk of future obesity, how fast you lose weight is importat

Answer 12

Does chronic or acute exercise affect RMR There is inconsistent data research that has shown increse decrese or equal on the effect to RMR - wont chnage it chornicaaly unless you do it for extended periods of time

Answer 13

Heart liver kidneys brain make up only about 6 percent of body mass however 60% of your RMR there is also impact from muscle which depends on several factors chnages in FM and FFm rather than change in heart etc increse the size of heart steroid preg etc

Answer 14

Effect of duraction and intensty of exercise EE increse in first few hours after exercise but can persist for up 2 48 hrs think protein synthesis if this can last 48 hrs then despite being rested and in a post absortive state RMR will and can be elevated with exercise about a 5 percent increse

Answer 15

The energy needed to digest, absorb, and store is measured via indirect calorimetry or predictive equations, which we don't like

Answer 16

type of macronutrient - protein requires the most energy because it has to break protein to metabolize it, which requires additional energy TEF will go up with a high protein diet, not by a huge amount, but it will play a role - exercise - does it rly affect it much no one rly knows the amount of DIt is proportional to the energy protein content less food less DIT Glycogen depleting exercise may elevate DIT but there are inconsistent reports of that too we also used to think that obesity was caused by DIT being obstructive or broken but this is not the case

Answer 17

50-75%. of DIT is obligatory so have to have it it is also higher with protein compared with cho and fats CHO 5-10% Fat 3-5% Pro 20-30 % will be used as energy also as we get older metabolism slows also depnds on energy balance, if we are in energy balance, metabolise energy if in positive enegry balance take it and store it how muych energy it takes to store depends on the type of macronutrient ( will be protein as it has to be broken down, carbs can also be stores as body fat, once glycogen stores are full- but needs to change If 50-75 % of DIT is obligatory the rest can be blockde with adrenergic blocades via the sympathetic nervous system to prevent faculatative

Answer 18

Influences DIT shown that when you block the SNS when earting your RMR goes down about 12 percent

Answer 19

Energy expenditure of activity- made up of the thermic effect of exercise TEE and non-exercise activity thermogenesis - highly variable but around 15-30% of your TDEE

Answer 20

Energy needed for all activities (skeletal muscle ) from planned workouts spontanous activity from NEAT like occupation leaisre sitting standing ambulation measured via indirect caloirmetry includes Activity and EPOC

Answer 21

Many differnt ways for EEA indirect calorimetry HEart rate pedometers accelerometers questionaires METS PAL ratio of TDEE: RMR

Answer 22

MET times BW, then multiply it by time in hrs find what the MET equivalent is

Answer 23

- 1. Met is 3.5ml/kg/min and is what you are at, at rest it was done by one single male oen size does not fit all when research was done not a single group had a resting MET of 3.5 no matter the RMR and BMI found that 1 MET is very significanly overestimated body comp accounted for about 60% of the variability The energy cost of PA is actually underestimated based on METS

Answer 24

Freweuncy intensity time type You also get improvements in efficiency with training so will use Less METS also EPOC plays a part and exercise may also affect NEAT - people doing higher levels of activity show potentially that they have lower levels of PA the rest of teh day

Answer 25

The energy expended for everything that is not sleeping eating or sports exercise like activities typing yeard ward walking at office fidgeting very variable and large component of TDEE

Answer 26

doubly labeled water tech

Answer 27

- showed that is was variability in amount of weight gain - increse in fat mass was not related to BMR there was a strong relationship to an incresed activity lto lower change in fat mass but no change in activity led to more fat mass - Kind of shows the body tries to regulate itself by increasing NEAT as you increase intake to compensate and prevent fat gain, but if that doesn't happen, then easy fat gets gained

Answer 28

PAL - TDEE/BMR Lfestyle based prediction for activity levels ie if you are chair bound PAl of 1.2 or things like super strenous work or active leaisiure time up to arounf 2-2.4

Answer 29

No, never - you wake up in the morning you are hungry, then you feel good, then later you are hungry again, so tracking balance in short periods of time doesn't work only over longer periods

Answer 30

Set point theory feedback control system that is designed to regulate a particular variable to match a specific target hypothesis that the body has an internal control mechnism that is a set point that regulates metabolism to maintain a certain level of body fat Biological control of genes hormones etc changing one side of the eqasion will lead to a change in the other ie decrese EI body decreses EE to maintain fat mass theroy has not been proven

Answer 31

Focused on enviroment and behavior - a system without active feedback control of food intake and energy expenditure - The settling point theory was proposed to help explain why overweight and obesity are more than just problems of metabolism, weight loss and gain in most humans are. more related to the patterns of diet and PA that people settle into as habits based on the interaction of their genetic dispositions, learning and environmental cues to behaviour

Answer 32

Theory - think of like water in a reservoir increse in inflow increse in outflow Decrese water means decresed outflow where you can resiste continous perturburations within a certain range perturbations in the components of energy intake or expenditure result in a compensatory change in these components - passive compensatory changes such as increse in EE with an increse in body size - active compensation such as change in food intake after expersie occurs over the longer term and accounts for much of the variability in weight loss with intersice interventions and how individuals compensate for an increse in exercise

Answer 33

Negative feedback - sending information backwards to the input to close the tap or intake as the float rises positive feedforward - using that same information, a rising float, the response is to turn up the outflow or expenditure

Answer 34

Although generally stable we often see an increse in body weight or fat with age up to a certain degree variables associated with body fat that may be regulated include: - body weight fatness temp energy intake expenditure and balnce Homeostatis - maintaining one of the biological reasons we eat or spend energy why do we eat - long term homeostasis vs short term satiety - meal initiation vs termination when your hungry vs when your full pleasentness of food - hedonics - reward or conditioning vs avoidance - christmas vs eating shit you dont like so you dont eat Emergency circuits - hypoglycaemia, stress, inflammtion

Answer 35

_ doesn function in isolation can be overwhelmed by other needs ie envioromental like going out to drink and someone orders nachos and you eat

Answer 36

set point issue - doesnt explain why the worlds set pints have increse over the last 50 years - causeing an obesity epidemic - also contradicted by studies showing that starvation and subsequent refeeding results in even higher body and fat mass Setting point issue - doesnt take into account biological regulation of weight control combo of the two, some of the set point, some, but can be ove of the settlingrwhelmed by environment and behaviours and other shit too

Answer 37

Hunger - sensations that promote food consumption and is a multidimensional attribute with metabolic sensory and cognitive facets Satiation - Following initation of a meal eating hunger subsides while satiation which is the sensations that govern meal size and duration become incresingly dominant, feelings of satiation will contribute to cessation of eating and begin a period of abstinence from eating Satiety - sensations that determine the interval period of fasting are termed satiety Orexigenic - have a stimulating effect on appetite like ghrelin Anorexigenic - cause loss of appetite Agonist - drug of other chemical that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiologic reaction typical of a naturally occuring substance Antagonist - a chemical substance that interferes with the physiological action of another, especially by combing with and blocking the nerve receptor

Answer 38

Brain imaging Biomarkers Food intake - but doesnt rly reflect appetite questionaires all these suffer from limitations the most common way is the visual analouge sclae or VAS

Answer 39

measuring appetite most common way - questionaire How hungry are you right now how strong is your desire to eat right now how much could you eat right now how full are you right now how strong is your desire to consume sweet or savory food how thirsty are you right now its a scle from full to not full at all Problem: there is a lot of difference between quantification of food between how much inidviduals are when they are normal and between humans there is also social desireability say what they think interviewers want and its also not very standardized so the correlation between VAS and EI are weak/moderate at best

Answer 40

integrates signals from meals and signals from fat stores to regulate EI and EE to maintain stable fat stores Eating food inhibits the rewarding properties of food when you starve, the rewarding properties of food increase and the satiety signals decrease

Answer 41

Signals from the body we need to know What is it, where is it secreted, when is it secreted, and how does it affect EI and EE

Answer 42

- protein decresed from adipose tissue leads to a decrese in food intake (anorexigenic) and weight loss most obses individualsa are leptin resistent - satity hormone that inhibits hunger Decrease in body fat decreases in leptin increse in body at increse in leptin - if leptin deficient they will lose weight but resistence wont work But leptin treatment could potentially help with weight loss maintenance eg satiety weight loss may result in insufficient leptin

Answer 43

- secreted by the bcells o fthe pancreas and rises in response to glucose load - crosses blood brain barrier to reduce appeitite or increse EE if it acts in the brain it would increse EE or reduce appetite but if done in the peripheral can cause hunger and weight gain less effective in diabetes Can it regulate appetite or body weight then? - yes depends on things like glucose and where its injected as weight loss is achived your REE decreses and blood glucose drops and insuling decreses ie lower satiety so its complex that the body has to regulate

Answer 44

- peptide in stomach - stimulates growth hormone that rises with fasting and falls with feeding increses your food intake lack of sleep also promotes ghrelin

Answer 45

- small and large bowel decretion released after feeding and leads to reduced food intake as BMI increases, PYY drops obese individuals are deficient

Answer 46

type 2 diabetes treatment increse in insulin now its also approved for weight loss decrese food intake by incresing satiety stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon release lower blood blucose secreted with PYY and inhibits feeding Incretin - increase in the amount of insulin released when glucose levels are normal or particularly when they are elevated stim a decrese in glucose levels enhance insulin secretion supresses glucagon raises glucose concentration after a meal surpasses gastic emptying ie delay in amount of time the contents f stomach go into bowel and increses satiety

Answer 47

- gut hormone that inhibits feeding stimulated digestion of fat secreted by duodenum or small intesine may synergize leptins action and decrese food intake shorter-term effect of 30-60 min

Answer 48

= dietary energy remaining after exercise availible for other psysiological functions like growth KNOW EA = dietary energy intake (kcal-exercise energy expenditure (kcal) /FFM

Answer 49

- In sport your EE increses but intake usually doesnt usually match this increse for ablance which leads to REDS if not corrected in long time. This results in low energy availibility and also has implications on fertility sufficient energy availibility and quality of nutrition are essential to support health and desired adaptations Poor EI is usually the problem for low energy availability it is essential

Answer 50

20kcal/kg/Fm chronicaally gives issues Moderate is 30kcal/kg/ffm Adequate is anything 45 adn over Incresing amoung youth because of body image issues leading to lower EI

Answer 51

- associated with majority of consequences of REEDS and the feale athlete triad in addiiton to health and performance consequences

Answer 52

- aesthatic weight making or endurance sports - not incresing intake with incresed training - attempting to lose weight while training is high (VERY VERY BADshould already be done pre and post season - inadequate food availibility ie via financial reasons hectic travel schedule and cramped living and cooking spaces = very busy lifestyles where food is of low priority or disordered eating - lots of others

Answer 53

- sports where athletes aim for comp weight or weight classes - aesthetic sports like gym and figure skating - sports where food is excluded ie low fat vegertarian or vegan - things like body building - most sports can be at risk cutting must be done very slowly due to RMR

Answer 54

- intenstionally - body weight concerns due to aesthetic or performance related concerns restricted eating can lead to eating diorders energy demand for trainer lowers need enough for all body processes including menstruation - unintentionally - poor biological regulation that matches intake to EE increased load decreased intake usually appetite suppression

Answer 55

- effects of LEA on performance may be masked by the huge effect of body weight on performance or may also even result in slight performance gain or stagnation even in LEA lower body weight can imporve performance cuz you are lighter but this is only acutely

Answer 56

- ie think about the tour de france - who expend 9000-11000 calories per day those athletes have a 8-10 times resting exnergy expentidture than most so how is it possible to eat that much when stren exercuise supresses hunger leads to gi distress - EI higher than amoung they are EE - elite gynmastics - gynmnasts have menstrual issues - ei well below EE - Belwo sedentary indivduals even through training reducing EI will also reduce TED and RMR makes body more effcicent and harder to lose weight weight cycling loss of muscle mass and REDS

Answer 57

- reduced trinign capacity - repeated injury or illness - delayed or prolonged recovery time - change in mood - failure or loss in weight, reduced low bone density, reduced libido cessation or disruption in the menstrual cycle, and excessive fatigue

Answer 58

- excess adiposity in adults lead to metabolic consequences we are not startting to move away from BMI - it is a increse in body weight due to excessing accumulation of fat this is the definition in canada but now starting to classify it as a disease in some places the - new def in some places is - a disease in which excess body fat has accumulated such that health may be adversely affected should be able to measure fat content and health status

Answer 59

- directly causes disease like diabtes hypertension CVD causing PA nutrition and others - the reality is its a 2 way street - obesity develops subsequently to other diagnoses aswell can cause disease but can also be caused by diseases

Answer 60

- T2D- insulin resistence with relative insulin deficiency to a predominate secretory defect with insulin resistance - increse cases of kids with this now - gestatioal diabetest mellitus - refers to glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. a key risk factor of it is incresed weight before - 5-20 percent of all preg women

Answer 61

- FPG (fasted blood glucose) - changes day to day has a high variability but is it is above or equal to 7mmol/L considered to have it - no caloric intake for atleast 8 hours HBA1C- is average blood sugar over the last 2-3 months it is more stable than FPG more than or equal to 6.5% - 2HPG in 75G oral glucose tolerance test if more than or equal to 11.1 mmo/L after 2 hrs - random or tested at any other point in the day if it is more than 11.1Mmol/L

Answer 62

- ust under diagnosis values - FPG 6.1-6.9 2hPH - 7.8-11 A1c % - 6-6.4 Exercise is the first line of defense against diabetes

Answer 63

- low PA aging - risk factros come along with increse in age like sarcopenia less PA and incresed BW - genetics - obesity (abdominal obesity - gestational diabtees is a major risk factor for T2D post pregnancy higher risk for next 10 years - 5-10 % of the population have T2D that have a normal BMI of 18-24.9 this number doubles to 10-20% as they become an overweight or obese population of a BMI over 25

Answer 64

- occurs chonrically and over time - increse in adipose tissue across body - adipose tissue is metaboliccaly active and breaks down at same time (not same rate) as it builds up - when it breaks down it releases more FFA into blood stream - the more adipose tissue the more FFA gets released which are essential but too many of them starts to impact the liver - elevated FFA interferes with liver and insulin uptake by liver meaning the liver cant take in as much insulin - FFA will go into liver to get broken down which would consequently also raise gluconeogenesis so incresed glucose that gets released into system - increse in glucose in bloodstream means the pancrese will secrete addiitonal insulin to reduce blood glucose back to normal but over time if this occurs for a long time the pancrese gets overworked and the beta cells releasing insulin in the pancrese fail means they cant release as much - leads to hyperglycemia over time then T2d develops - additionally skeletal muscle has an increse in insulin resistence aswell as a decresed glucose uptake

Answer 65

- hypertension is systolic bp more tha or equal to 140 and diastolic is above or equal to 90 - obesity and hypertension incresingly recognized as a subtype of hypertension in canada and the EU - very responsive to weight loss and salt restirction 40 percent of overweight and obese have hypertension 16 percent of normal weight have hypertension New update for hypertension AHA - systolic above or equal to 130 diastolic above or equal 80 the values stated before are liekly ihgher now too

Answer 66

primary - essential like high bp with no obvious underlying cause like aging 90-95% of it Secondary - caused by other conditions affecting kidneys, arteries or diseases, renal failure, or preg like preeclampsia

Answer 67

Sympathetic nervous sysem - High SNS activity more likely to have hypertension as more signals sent from brain blood vessels to constrict and increse stiffness increse in Bp overall as increse pressure in tube - people with hypertension have 2 times higher SNS activity - also higher body weight and fat increses the SNS system - signals still come from brain but they are enhaned by leptin FFA angiotestion from the increse in FFA which all increse the SNS activity - adipocytes - in a normal person, always have some construction signals and some dilation signals with higher adipose signal to brian via leptin to increase construction signal, but also higher adipocytes also send inflammatory markers like CRP to impact the inner lining of blood vessels that send the dilatory signal because of the inflammation - so you have increase stiffness from SNS that construct it then inflammation because of the adipose tissue over time it degrades thels so you don't get as much endothelial dialation

Answer 68

cancer - study done starting with no cancer trakc then look to see what they passed away from compare BMI BMi over 40 and normal BMI over 40 risk for cancer death incresed by 52 percent for men and 88 percent for women risk for mortality

Answer 69

number one preventable risk factor- is it purly mechanical? no cuz its also found in hands fingers etc not just overloaded joints so what is it because of then - inflammatory enviroment - not due to loading alone. cytokines lepin adiponectin and strong associations with glucose and lipid disregulation sedentary lifestyle impacts PA = vicious cyles PA prevents all of this shit

Answer 70

abdominal - individuals w same BMI can have vastly different health risks - excessive viceral fat around stomach has built up apple or beer belly and carries significant health risks - viceral fat - hidden stores deep in belly around organs intestines and liver Ectopic fat - excess adipose tissue not classically associated with adipose tissue storage ie heart and kidneys - significant increse in risk of cardiometabolic disease but it is responsiev to exercise

Answer 71

- as number of hrs of sleep goes down BMI goes up and opposite is true too study - less than 7 hrs sleep have higher BMI but also some studies show more than 9 also have higher BMI not as proven so stick with the other one another study - sleep deprivation increses food intake in rats and humans shorten sleep for 2 days led to increse in appetite especially for sweet salty and starchy foods by a lot

Answer 72

- associated with poor cardiovascular health wake up multiple times a nigh and end up being very tires less healthy food intake and less active during the day obesity also leads to it because of an increse in weight so it is bidirectional shortened sleep also led to an increse in apetite especially in foods that were startchy salty or sweet by a lot

Answer 73

- shorter sleep decreed leptin and incresed ghrelin led to hunger just after 2 days of sleep deprivation - measured hunger via the likehart sclae aslo a positive correlation as hunger goes up biological mechanisms that are leading incresed in appetite are also going up

Answer 74

- stress hormone short term can be beneficial like saise the SNS raise heart rate raise bp fight or flight but not good long term - it is also the most potent glucocorticoid and casues insulin resistence can be measured with saliva samples or through blood, but the blood draw can increase cortisol artificially for the short term, so saliva is better to measure better using a hair sample, but it can died

Answer 75

- excess cortisol of any cause stuff like stress from exams or life not likely to cause it but more so like medications that raise cortisol levels as you start to produce higher levels of coritsol over time and high levels of cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity over time incresed for hypertention dislipidemia hyperglycemia and insulin resistence which all leads to cardiovascular disease T2DM

Answer 76

- Exercise and sleep best way - not everuone responds to stress in same way 40 percent gain weight 40 percent lose and 20 stay stable theere are biological mechisms behind these if yo uare someone that already obese than more likely to dall into the weight gainer category study = - control group no stress high reactor day and low reactor or cortisol ate same amoutn but those that underwent stress the high reactor cortisol group raised their caloric inatke and low reactor group ate less shows a functional response and those that were in the high reatcor section shower a greater preference for high fat and higher sugery foods high vs low reactor is a biological mechanism that can slightly change that, but it is hard

Answer 77

- expression of genes through the enviroment there is a genetic component but it is much less than we originally though study - offspring of both obese one obese and adopted parents if both not them lower BMI than if both obese but there is also a big enviromental component if they were raised by adopted then it stayes relatively the same study - MZ twins - genetically identical - assessing ECWN - calories needed to maintain gaigh gave them surplus kept sedentay body weight incresed and RMR incresed but there were differences in the twins some gained half of what the oteher gained which suggest behavioral factors like NEAT was incresed in the ones that gained less - they did see more genetic influence on viceral fat in both twins tho so visercal fat very heavily linked ot genetic CVD etc Same study but deficit - tight relationsip in weight loss but a stronger relationship of viceral fat loss so shows that you can reduce viceral fat by exercise and it is one of the best ways to reduce this fat the reason its much tighter is beacuase if you are already exercising a lot NEAT becomes less of a factor

Answer 78

- mendelian disease - direct transmisison Oligiogenes - a gene that significantly affects a hertiable charectistic poly gene - a gene that has small effect heritable charectistcs

Answer 79

- another level of complexity in biological individuality and takes place at the interaction between genes expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene if you have two genes that predispose you to obesity, they can interact and make your chances higher

Answer 80

- constant interactions are taking place between genes and sequence variations in such genes including all kinds of factors in enviroment which necessitate a cellular response - very clear that such interactions exist for obesity phenotypes even though few studies have actually addressed the issue

Answer 81

- high availibility of food leads to less exercise more predisposed to obesity

Answer 82

- the study of cellular mechanims that modify gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence - may occur during a lifetume or can be passed onto the next generation - enviromental influences changing expression of that particular gene - often done through pregnancy

Answer 83

- how to define it - youth classification systems differ most now use BMI center for disease control and prevention growth charts age and sex based percentile cut off points - 85 centiles of BMI at risk for overweight and 95th centiles of BMI overweight - you look at the growth curves y axis of bmi and age of years is x where the children start off vs where they end up and track over time - dont give kids a specific BMI look at percentiles as they shoot up in height and extreme growth occurs - slightly diff for males and females

Answer 84

- affect epigenetic expression of different of different genes. - birthweight - - birthweight early life nutrition - relationship between birth weight and adult BMI is j shaped or U shaped, ave birthweight associated w average adult BMI born heavy or super ligh incresed risk -breastfeeding - may be associated with slightly lower BMI throughout life also improved health outcomes - also good for mother reduced risk of CVD - smoking higher BMI in childhood - exercise - lower rates of high birth weight but longer term studies are still needed - preg complications GDM - vs preclampsia incresed BP and organ damage

Answer 85

- events occuring in pregnany have lifelong effects on the child showes that child exposed to famine in trimester 1 or 2 incresed risk of obesity at 19 years where as ifther exposed during trimester 3 that had a lower rate of obeisty - there is also recommended amounts of weight gain during differnt points in pregnancy early excessive weight gain may alter utero envorment to promote obesity early GWG has been linked to gestational diabtes post partum weight restention and childhood obeisty exercise is associated with a large decrese in risk of large baby

Answer 86

- large prevalance of obesity in canada and only growting more over time

Answer 87

- declaration of obesity as a chornic disease because it is a very complex medical condition because there is significant bias stigma and weight discriination advances in the sciirnce f obesity and weigght regulation like how does it occur advances in obesity treatent and therapies bariatric surgery meds etc recognition of petient centered care and outcomes beyond weight loss different people can be different weight and be different levels of health

Answer 88

- previously defined as BMI and not health - defined as a prevalent complex progressing and relapsing chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive body fat adiposity that impairs health - - BMI and waist circumference can be used as screening tools diagnosis shoul dbe based on the presense of functional mediucal or psychosocial impairmenrs related to presense of abnormale or excess body fat rather than on antropometrics alone - should be managed using evidence based chronic disease management pronciples validate patients lived experiences move beyond the simplistic approaches of just eating less and move more and address the root drivers of obesity - people who are living with obesity should have access to evidence-informed interventions, which should include medical nutrition therapy, PA psychological interventions, and pharmacotherapy

Answer 89

- people living w obesity face substantial bias and stima which directly impacts their health and well being as well as access to care - - health care providers should assess their own beliefs and attitudes towards people lying with obesity and how these may influence health care delivery health care providers should be aware that internalized weight bias ie the attitudes of people living with obesity towards themselves can adversley affect behavior and health outcome - avoid using judgemental words images and practices when working with patients living w obesity - avoid assumptions that an ailment of complaint a patient presents w is related to their body weight

Answer 90

- prevention of weight gain - gian about 1 lb per yea r - losing weight maintaining weight - success is based on each person all three goals you need to understand energy balance

Answer 91

- more than 5 percent of baseline body weight - leads to reduction in CVD and T2DM and achive this by diet exercise meds surgery or combo

Answer 92

- min threshold to prevent weightgain according to ACSM is 150-250 min of PA a week to preevnt weight gain greater than 3 percent = need to ensure that there is not too much of an energy imbalance so with increse of EE and decresed EI to a extent = resistence training is not effective for weight loss but it is important for lowering adipose tissue and keeping muscle mass you never want to lose muecle as you cant get it back as easily - it is possible to maintain energy balance in a state of low energy fluc ie low EI or low EE as you get satiety signals and with too much of an energy imabalnce leads to preference for sweet and high fat foods can also be influenced by outside factors like social thinking, going out, and getting offered food

Answer 93

- know that diet leads to large decrese in body weight and fat mass butu also large decrese in muscle mass not good exercise alone leads to decrese in body weight fat mass and a matienence in muscle diet and exercise toegther leads to lower body weight decresed fat mass and less muscle mass lost overall

Answer 94

- FIIT - in addition to someones body weight the total volume of PA determines the amount of EE volume as frequency times time

Answer 95

Works because - effect on energy baalnce is proportional to increse in EE - increase in fat and CHo oxidation would be expected to have favourable health consequences Would not work becasue - achiveable amounts of exercise leads to just a small increse in EE - adhereance to changes in exercise and PA is poor - increasing EE could also be linked to a compensatory increase in EE

Answer 96

- Research shwon that as more volume and more intensity that there is a greater reducion in body weight - as volume activity and EE increse concurrent reduction in fat mass occurs both groups lost weight but they also maintained their mucslce mass meaning its high quality weight loss and it is greater when volume of activity is greater - another study for short and long bouts of activity to lose weigth resulted in similar amount of weight regain after but making it adhereance is very important so make it accesable

Answer 97

Why it works - same EE in less time greater imporvments in fitness and other risk factors greater preservation of FFM decresed appetite after high intensity exercise variety and more enjoyable for some Why it would not work - less enjoyable less acceable greater risk and saftey concersn less self-efficacy - belief in the ability to perform such activities

Answer 98

- low intensity exercise maximises fat oxidation vs high intensity exercise like HIIIT influences EPOC factors metabolizing primarily CHO intensity that leads to highest EE The proportion of glycogen triglycerides FFA and glucose changes as intensity changes the relative amount is the percent of total EE at low intensity the highest relative fat oxidation is at 25 % of max intensity but for absolute the greatest fat oxidation is at 65% intenisty and the greatest caloric expenditure is at 85% - overall vol of activity is the same for both groups but intensity changed and showed a greater decrese in fat with vigourous but also a greater increse in lean muscle mass with vig intensity exercise HIIT loses more weigh than moderate factors like EPOC endorphin release and evidence that HIIT causes a decrese in appetite after high intensity affects this

Answer 99

- adhereance to the plan - if you dont do the work nothing will happen have to stick to it most important part minimize cost remove barriers simplifying plans and reminders

Answer 100

- increse in muscle mass is the number 1 predictor of function in later life - it would work because you get increses in RMR increses in fat oxidation increse EE increse in muscle mass if you have that muscle you can walk up stairs you can stay active for longer incresed TDEE lose body FFM why it would not work - effect on FFM is small - effect on FFm during energy restriction dieting is even smaller therfort effect on RMR is not meaninful - energy cost of resistence training is small - there is not much evidence BUT it may be more important in certain pop like older adults to prevent the FFM loss that comes with dieting - critical to maintaining function as diet alone has a high risk of muscle mass loss, which is hard to get back once it's gone

Answer 101

- not very effective for weight loss alone - can contribute to change in body comp - can be important for certain populations - imporved metabolism - maintence of function

Answer 102

- why it works - contribute to negative energy balance - imporve health and the QOL - imporved response to bariatric surgery why it would not work - fitness too low to achive meainful EE - too many comorbidities that could be worsened by exercise like joint pain - time for exercise and fatigue from exercise could interfere with other activities

Answer 103

- becasuse of adherence compensatory factors and otehr factors

Answer 104

- access to facility access to equipment adapted exercise adapted places to sit and changing facilities

Answer 105

- aerobic activity 30-60 min for small amounts of body weight and fat loss - reduction in abdominal viceral fat weight matienence incersed cardio and fitness

Answer 106

- fitness stay functional longer - QOL independecnce imporvements in fat distribution or quality - prevention of weight gain from body comp - in individuals w low fitness have twice the risk of feath exercise capaicty was the strongest predictor of death VO@max - increse of 1 MET meant an increse of 12% improvemnt in survival absolute fitness is a better predictor - it doesnt matter how you lost the weight but it does matter how you keep it off to prevent regain

Answer 107

- tailored nutrition energy management recovery and growth

Answer 108

- not just cal in vs cal out - metabolic impacts and pa and nutrition on disease

Answer 109

- research publically funded most scientists have limited training and do it poorly theres lots of different types of science communicators and ways to distribute infomration sport and wellness is huge but based on limited infomration fad diets harming health

Answer 110

1. sensationalised headlines - simples headlines that can get misinterpreted 2. misinterpreted results - news articles distort info for story read original research 3. conflicts of interest companies employ people to publish research can be for personal or financial gain 4. correlation and causation - correlation not equal causation 5. unsupported conclusion - speculative language needs to be clear 6. problems with sample size - smaller the sample lower the confidence

Mid term 1 Flashcards

(137 cards)