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Anatomy and Physiology Mid term > Mid term > Flashcards

Mid term Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleolus

A

pre-ribosomes

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA storage

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

translation

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4
Q

Vesicles

A

transport

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5
Q

Rough ER

A

protein production

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

protein modification and export

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

cell movement and stability

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

lipid production, detoxification

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

energy production (ATP)

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

storage, transportation, homeostasis

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11
Q

Cytosol

A

liquid matrix around organelles (water, ions, macros)

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12
Q

Lysosome

A

protein destruction

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13
Q

Centrosome

A

regulates cell cycle

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14
Q

Cell membrane

A

outer most layer, protection

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15
Q

Interphase

A

the chromosomes are extended and in use during the G1, S, and G2 phases

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16
Q

Prophase

A

the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelop breaks down, and the spindle forms

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17
Q

Metaphase

A

the chromosomes line up on the central plane of the cell

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasm of the cell is cleaved in half

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19
Q

Telophase

A

the chromosomes uncoil, and a new nuclear envelope forms. The spindle fibers disappear

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20
Q

Anaphase

A

the centromeres divide, and the chromatids move toward opposite poles

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21
Q

4 types of tissue

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

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22
Q

Connective

A

supports, connects, separates
- tendon, ligament, cartilage, bone, adipose

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23
Q

Epithelial

A

protection, secretion, absorption, filtration
- skin, intestines, body cavities, blood vessels

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24
Q

Muscle

A

contraction
-skeletal, smooth (intestine, stomach, eye) cardiac

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25
Q

Nervous

A

communication
-Neuron - central and peripheral nervous systems

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26
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining internal stability due to coordinated responses of parts of the body to any situation or stimulus that would disrupt normal conditions or functions

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27
Q

What are homeostatic factors?

A

nutrient concentrations, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products (NH4, acids, cell debris), pH, water, salt, electrolytes, temperature, fluid volume, pressure

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28
Q

What is an example of homeostasis?

A

rise of glucose in the body, insulin is released into the blood, cells take up glucose, remove it from blood, blood glucose returns to set-point, insulin secretion stops
-The body becomes hot and you start to sweat

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29
Q

Where is the axial skeleton?

A

the midline of the body
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

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30
Q

Appendicular System

A

arms and legs
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle

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31
Q

Long bones

A

tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals

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32
Q

Short bones

A

tarsals, carpals

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33
Q

Irregular bones

A

vertebrae, sacrum

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34
Q

Flat bones

A

cranium, ilium, sternum, rib cage

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35
Q

Bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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36
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous outer layer of bone

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37
Q

Inner layer

A

osteocytes

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38
Q

Bone marrow

A

the site of cell production

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39
Q

(Bone Marrow) Red- hematopoietic

A

produces red blood cells and white, found in flat bones and ends of long bones

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40
Q

(Bone Marrow) Yellow- stromal

A

produces fat, cartilage, and bone
irregular and short bone and center of long bones

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41
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

a series of vertebrae

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42
Q

Where is the cervical?

A

the neck, the alas and axis support the head

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43
Q

Where is the thoracic?

A

chest region

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44
Q

Where is the lumbar?

A

the loin region

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45
Q

Where is the sacral region?

A

usually fused into one solid bone - sacrum
sits with the pelvic girdle

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46
Q

Where is the coccygeal?

A

tail region, coccyx

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47
Q

The skull has how many bones fused together?

A

30

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48
Q

What is the skulls purpose?

A

protect brain and sensory organs

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49
Q

Cranium

A

encloses brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital bones

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50
Q

Maxilla

A

form facial bones

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51
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

form the cheekbones

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52
Q

Palate

A

separate nasal cavity from mouth

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53
Q

Sinuses

A

behind nasal cavity and connect to palate

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54
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

base of cranium where spinal cord attaches

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55
Q

Mandible

A

lower jaw

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56
Q

True rib

A

ribs attached to sternum

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57
Q

False rib

A

attached to rib in front by cartilage

58
Q

Floating rib

A

not attached in the front at all

59
Q

The pelvic girdle/pelvis

A

attaches to hind libs, supports intestines, bladder, and internal sex organs

60
Q

What is the os coxae?

A

the hip bone

61
Q

The ileum, ishium, and pubis form what?

A

the acetabulum

62
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

attached to forelimbs, is the attachment site for muscles, of the upper, back, chest, and neck
consists of the scapulas and clavicles

63
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

elongated/cylindrical
multi-nucleated
peripheral nuclei
striated
fast action

64
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

elongated/branched
one/two nuclei
central nuclei
intercalated discs
fast

65
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A

spindle
one nucleus
central nuclei
slow

66
Q

Where are the nuclei located in a smooth muscle?

A

central

67
Q

Where are the nuclei located in a cardiac muscle?

A

Central

68
Q

Where are the nuclei located in a skeletal muscle?

A

peripheral

69
Q

Maximus

A

largest

70
Q

Minimus

A

shortest

71
Q

Longus

A

long

72
Q

Brevis

A

short

73
Q

Rectus

A

Straight

74
Q

Transverse

A

across

75
Q

Tendons

A

fibrous band of tissue that attaches muscle to bone

76
Q

Aponeuroses

A

sheet like layers of connective tissue
muscle to muscle/muscle to bone

77
Q

Central nervous system consists of

A

the brain and the spinal cord

78
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of

A

motor neurons and sensory neurons

79
Q

Motor neurons consists of the

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

80
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of the

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

81
Q

Sympathetic division

A

fight or flight

82
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

rest or digest

83
Q

Somatic voluntary control has what two nerves?

A

afferent and efferent

84
Q

What are the major sensory organs?

A

touch, taste, vision, hearing, smell

85
Q

Meninges

A

protective layers protecting the brain and spinal cord

86
Q

Gyrus

A

ridges in the cerebral cortex

87
Q

Sulcus

A

depression or grove in cerebral cortex

88
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

divides cerebrum into left and right hemisphere

89
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal

90
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

A

Pons, medulla, cerebellum

91
Q

What does pons control?

A

breathing, sensations

92
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

body maintenance and survival

93
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

movement, control, coordination

94
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

cranial and caudal colliculus -sensory information
vision, hearing, motor control

95
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A

cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus

96
Q

Cerebral cortex -

A

memory, attention, perception, awareness, etc.

97
Q

Pituitary Gland -

A

growth and development
endocrine function

98
Q

Thalamus -

A

relays information between sensory organs and cortex

99
Q

Hypothalamus -

A

autonomic system
hormone secretion/regulation

100
Q

The spinal cord extends from

A

medulla oblongata to the lumbar vertebrae

101
Q

The spinal cord is protected by…

A

bones, meninges and dura matter

102
Q

The spinal cord provides communication between…

A

central and peripheral nervous system

103
Q

The spinal cord has..

A

bundle of nerve fibers (dorsal root ganglia)

104
Q

Spinal cord + vertebrae =

A

spinal

105
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

branch of physiology concerned with endocrine glands and hromones

106
Q

Endocrine glands:

A

the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes

107
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers created and secreted by endocrine glands, they travel throughout the body, work in small concentrations, and serve various physiological functions

108
Q

Receptors can be located on:

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

109
Q

Amine hormones

A

hormones derived from the AA tyrosine

110
Q

Peptide hormones

A

chain of amino acids

111
Q

Protein hormones

A

hormones that consist of peptides

112
Q

Steroid hormones

A

produced from cholesterol

113
Q

Peptide hormones:

A

cannot pass through cell membranes, have receptors located on outside of cell membrane, acts within minutes of release, triggers a cascade of events within the cell that results in enzymatic activity yielding a response

114
Q

Steroid hromones:

A

lipid solubles- can pass through membrane, receptors are located in cytoplasm and nucleus, effects DNA transcription to change protein synthesis, slower response time, longer lasting effects

115
Q

The effectiveness of a hormone is dependant on…

A

the biological concentration of the hormone

116
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

when the hormone elicits a response that decreases hormone release

117
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

when the hormone elicits a response that increases hormone release

118
Q

Hypothalamus

A

something that you cannot live without, is responsible for all “releasing hormones”

119
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

glandular tissue, blood supply communication, synthesizes and secretes

120
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

composed of neural tissues, neural stimulation, stores and releases

121
Q

Where are hormones released?

A

into the bloodstream

122
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary somatotrophin axis

A

we need to grow

123
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis

A

we are stressed

124
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis

A

we need to regulate

125
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis

A

we need to reproduce

126
Q

Somatotropin

A

growth hormone

127
Q

Somatostatin

A

growth inhibiting hormone

128
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

secreted from anterior pituitary

129
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone

A

from the hypothalamus

130
Q

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

A

from the anterior pituitary gland

131
Q

Cortisol

A

from the adrenals

132
Q

Where does the gonadotropin releasing hormone come from?

A

the hypothalamus

133
Q

The follicular stimulating hormone and the luteinizing hormone come from

A

the anterior pituitary

134
Q

The posterior pituitary stores and releases…

A

oxytocin and antiduretic hormone

135
Q

Cranial and Caudal Vena Cava

A

Large veins that return blood from the body to the heart

136
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and bring it back to the heart

137
Q

Pulmonary Arteries

A

Branch into right and left pulmonary arteries that bring deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs

138
Q

Aorta

A

Oxygen rich blood exits the heart through the aortic arch and is pumped
systemically

139
Q

Leukocytes-White Blood Cells

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

140
Q

Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells

A

Erythropoiesis in bone marrow

141
Q

Thrombocytes- Platelets

A

Megakaryocyte fragments
– Clotting factors

142
Q

Plasma

A

–90% Water
–Electrolytes, hormones, waste, etc.
–Carrier proteins

Anatomy and Physiology Mid term (1 decks)

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