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Mid Term Flashcards

1
Q

Ritual is…? (5)

A
  • knowledge and defines our relationship to the cosmos
  • education and passing on the knowledge
  • seeks to control or influence events
  • glorify and entertain
  • are intended to achieve results
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2
Q

Ritual Vs Theatre

A

Rituals focus on deities

Theatre focusers on earthly events

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3
Q

Mimesis

What is it and what is it the basis of?

A

imitation or representation of an action. Stresses the importance of individual creativy and a set text with little variation

meant to affect the audience, to entertain and teach

This is the basis of Europen Theatre

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4
Q

Methexis

What is it and what is it the basis of?

A

group sharing. Emphasizes audience participation, group creativity and improvisation

Meant to embody or be

Basis of African tradition

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5
Q

1st true theatre

A

by the Greeks in Athens

Theatre of Dionysus

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6
Q

Mycenaean era

A

1200-1000 BCE

Trojan War Era

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7
Q

1000 BCE - 700 BCE

A

Merging of cultures, years of epic poetry

The Iliad and The Odyssey

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8
Q

600-500 BCE

A

Development of lyric poetry

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9
Q

524 BCE

A

Est. Greater Dionysus Festival

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10
Q

404 BCE

A

Fall of Athens

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10
Q

Dionysus

A

god of wine, agility, anger and fertility

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11
Q

Dithyramb

A

long Greek hymns sung and danced by a group of 50 men (chorus)

Originally dedicated to Dionysys, later included other gods and heros

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12
Q

Rituals of Dionysus

A

Followers would drink themselves into frenzy and rip up one of their own.

Later began ripping up goats instead

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13
Q

Possible origins of theatre

A

religious ceremonies and evolution of poetry

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14
Q

First Actor

A

Thespis

Invited to create the Greater Dionysus Festival

Basis for word “thespian”

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15
Q

Thespis

A

first writer of tragedy

created Greater Dionysus Festival

First “actor”

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16
Q

Hypokrite

A

main “character” that answers the chorus’ questions from the perspective of someone else (often a god such as Dionysus)

Origin of the word hypocrite because they impersonate another person when acting

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17
Q

Greater Dionysus Festival

A

DAYS

  1. Parades/Sacrifices to Dionysus
  2. 3 tragedies + 1 Satyr
  3. 3 Tragedies + 1 Satyr
  4. 3 Tragedies + 1 Satyr
  5. Dithyramb competition
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18
Q

3+1

A

each playwright submits 3 plays called tragedies and 1 satyr to show playwrights skill in being able to change from tragedy to comedy

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19
Q

Greek Tragedy

A

refers to the big ideas presented in the play, not necessarily death and sad content

Tragedy deals with reversals of fortune and eventual downfall of a royal figure

complex tragedies: suffering hero/heroine makes discovery and recognizes what led to his/her downfall

Simple tragedies: no such recognition scene occurs

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20
Q

Choragus

A

introduced 5th century BCE

wealthy individual

provided money and paid all major expenses connected with the chorus (rehearsals, costumes, musicians, etc)

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21
Q

Prometheus

A

titon who brought humans fire and ends up being chained to a rock with eagles eternally eating his liver/spleen as punishment

Other 2 plays in Prometheus trilogy are only fragments

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22
Q

Satyr

A

followed tragedies and were the real sign of the playwrights skill

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23
Q

500-404 BCE

A

over 900 plays written

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24
Q

Prize for Best Playwright

A

a goat

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25
Q

Greek Play Format

A
  1. Prologos – opening scene, providing the exposition
  2. Parados - entrance of the chorus
  3. episode (could be 3-6)
  4. Stasma– were in between each episode in which the chorus commented on preceeding episodes
  5. kommos– climax
  6. exodus – choral ode spoken as chorus departs
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26
Q

3 tragic wrtiers from Greece

A

Aeschylus

Sophocles

Euripides

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27
Q

Aeschylus

A
  • 525BCE-456BCE
  • wrote 79 plays, only 7 survive
  • first festival in 499BCE
  • won first festival 485BCE
  • Aded another actor 471BCE
  • INTENSE DRAMATICS
  • wrote trilogy style
  • Presteia Trilogy (we read 1st part AGAMEMNON)
  • looks at big issues.
  • Not subtle
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28
Q

Sophocles

A
  • 496BCE-406BCE
  • 90-120 plays
  • 7 survive
  • 1st place at GDF 18 times
  • never won less than 2nd
  • Added Third Actor
  • OEDIPUS REX
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29
Q

Euripides

A
  • 480BCE-406BCE
  • 92 plays
  • 18 survive
  • DIMINISHED USE OF CHORUS
  • mixed comedy and tragedy
  • realistic characters
  • THE BACCHAE
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30
Q

Chorus

A

sang, recited and danced

could set up, slow, coment on, speed up actions of play

could interact with charaters

described off-stage action (killings)

provided spectacle

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31
Q

chorodidaskalos

A

choral trainer

was hired for all festival productions

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32
Q

Chorus in Comedy

A

24 men

sometimes split into 2 groups of 12

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33
Q

Vases often…

A

depicted theatrical scenes

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34
Q

Theatron

A

the greek word for theatre, meaning “a viewing place”

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35
Q

Skene

A

means hut

allowed costume changes

Ran paralel with stage

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36
Q

paradose

A

on the sides of the stage for the chorus to enter

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37
Q

orchestra

A

audience seting area

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38
Q

Theatre spaces by 458 BCE

A

Skenes had side entraces called Paraskenia and a balcony area for elevated characters like gods

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39
Q

paraskenia

A

side entrances on skenes

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40
Q

thymele

A

altars found on stage or in orchestra

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41
Q

ekhyklema

A

platform wagon, often used to bring out the “dead” character

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42
Q

periaktoi

A

3 flats put in a triangle to allow scene chagnes. Just rotate for the other sides

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43
Q

Argos

A

house of Atreus

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44
Q

Argive

A

Greeks

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45
Q

The Poetics

A
  • 6 elements of drama According to Aristotle
  1. Plot
  2. Characters
  3. Thought/Theme
  4. Language
  5. Music
  6. Spectacle
  • tragedy is positive/helpful b/c it arouses pity and fear and pruges these emotions, restoring harmony to the soul
  • emphasizes plot
  • few characters
  • 1 main action occuring in 24 hours or less in 1 location
    *
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46
Q

climactic drama

A

action begins near story’s climax

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47
Q

crisis drama

A

plot often unravels like a mystery

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48
Q

487BCE

A

day of comedy added to GDF

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49
Q

442BCE

A

separate comedy festival created

called Iena

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50
Q

Iena

A

separate comedy festival

created in 442 BCE

51
Q

Athens falls

A

acting and theatre festivals become more wide spread

acting starts becoming profession

52
Q

Aristophanes

A
  • 450BCE-385BCE
  • Conservative
  • wrote first play for festival in 427BCE
  • first prize a at 18. won second place
  • won more 1st places than anyone else
  • disagreed with euripides
  • inventive comic scenes
  • witty dialogue
  • pointed satire
  • takes happy idea and runs it into the ground
53
Q

greek comedy format

A
  • Prologue
  • parados
  • agon (the debate)
  • scenes (occasionally)
  • parabasis (commentary on any issue)
  • agon’s winner announced
  • resolution
  • exodus
54
Q

Why could greek comedy say thing they wanted?

A
  • no libel/ no slander
55
Q

satyr play

A
  • comical play involving a chorus of satyrs that parodied greek tragedies and the myths and heroic tales that tragedies treated seriously
  • poked fun at honored greek institutions, including religion and folk heroes
  • often had elemnts of vulgarity
56
Q

Only complete surviving satyr

A

The Cyclops

by Euripides

57
Q

Old Comedy

A
  • pre fall of Athens
  • no libel/slander
  • ended in 404 BCE
  • don’t follow pattern of climactic drama
  • always makes fun of society, politics, or culture
  • characters are often recognizable contemporary personalitites
  • uses fantastical and improbable plots to underline it satire
  • employ chorus and have section similar to those in tragedy: prologos, episodes alternating w/ choral odes and exodus
  • Freedom of speech
58
Q

fmiddle comedy

A
  • lasted almost a century
  • no politics
  • focused on domestic situations
59
Q

New Comedy

A
  • 336BCE-146BCE
  • more realistic/down-to-earth
  • arose from foibles, pretenses and complications of everyday life of Greek citizens (not satire and extreme exaggeration)
  • employ stock characters: domineering parents, romantic young lovers, comic servants
  • usu written in 5 acts
60
Q

Classical Greek Theatre Space

A
  • 15k-17k spectaotrs
  • most noted is Theatre of Dionysus in Athens
  • outdoor amphitheaters
  • lit by sun
  • built into hillsides
  • front row seats (proedria) reserved for political and religious dignitaries
  • orchestra was 1st permanent strucural element in Greek theatre
  • used periaktoi and other type of flat caled PINAKE
  • had SKENE
  • Deus Ex Machina (crane)
  • Ekkyklema
61
Q

Classical Greek Acting

A
  • Sophocles first playwright to NOT act (both Thespis and Aeschylus acted and wrote)
  • Sophocles introduced “3 actor rule”: calling for no more than 3 non-chorus actors in tragedy
  • rule was bent to allow additional performers to portray mute roles (mimed)
  • playwrights originally chose performers and oversaw productions (directed)
  • acting contests introduced in 449BCE to be fair
  • USED MASKS: covered entire head (including hair, beards and other distinctive feature)
  • comic costuming included Phallus: exaggerated penis worn by all male characters
  • tragic heroes go from purpose to passion to perception
62
Q

Alexander the Great

A

identified strongly with the intellectual achievements, art and culture of Greece, carrying their culture to areas he conquered. This wide area became known as “Hellenistic”

63
Q

Hellenism

A
  • follows new comedy
  • family, contemporary manners and life more common in play topics
  • Used stock characters
  • gneral increase in both number and kind of theatrical activites
  • worship of Dionysus no longer sole reason for drama.
  • plays used in other festivals (such as honoring military victories)
  • exaggerated, larger than life masks
    *
64
Q

Who inspired Torrance and Plautus

A

Menander

Only had 8 1st places

65
Q

277BCE

A

Artists of Dionysus of Athens formed

Ancestor of AEA

66
Q

5th Century BCE

A

wooden seats substituted for stone seats

67
Q

Proskenion

A
  • Ancestor of proscenium
  • was originally very simple one story structure with openings in the back (called THYROMATA)
  • became more and more elaborate
68
Q

Thyromata

A

openings at back of Proskenion

69
Q

Onkos

A

Large exagerated headdress worn by tragi characters (hellenistic era)

70
Q

Kothornoi

A

elevated shoes worn by tragic characters in helenestics era

71
Q

Mimes

A
  • probably earliest professional performers in Greece
  • not originally involved in religious festivals and were instead traveling players, satirizing great tragedies
  • many troupes originated in southern Italy
72
Q

Roman Theatre

A
  • focused more on comedy than tragedy
  • padded and shortened costumes to show butt and fake phaluses
  • themes of bathroom humor, sex and food
  • Live onstage sex and death
  • Early Christian rituals material for Roman Comedy
  • Early Church against theatre for mockery and live sex and vulgarity
  • Only occured at festivals (which became increasingly frequent)
73
Q

Ars Poetica

A
  • written by Horace
  • made Aristotle’s POETICS seem like a playwriting rulebook
  • Only Latin treatise on dramatic criticism still in existence
  • less profound and less focused on detail than Aristotle
  • Stressed rule like no mixing tragedy and comedy, plays should have 5 acts, only 3 speaking characters should appear at a time, and gods shouldn’t be brought in unless absolutely necessary
  • purpose of drama was to “profit and to please”
    *
74
Q

Comedic Archtypes (Stock characters)

A
  1. Dossenos – hunchback, clever, swindler
  2. Bucco – “the mouth” braggart, loudmouth. ancestor of braggar warrior (Il Capitano)
  3. Macchus – half-wit clown
  4. Pappos – stupid horny old man (Pantalone)
75
Q

509 BCE

A

Rome est republic

76
Q

31 BCE

A

Roman empire begins

77
Q

3 playwrights with survivng works

A
  1. Livius Andronicus
  2. Titus MArcus Platus
  3. Publicus Terentis (Terrence)
78
Q

Titus Marcus Platus

A
  • Roman comedic playwright
  • loved rhyming, alliteration and puns
  • 20 plays survive
  • most popular of all roman comic playwrights
  • plays dealt with tials and tribulations of romance
  • est. braggart warrior type character
  • THE MENAECHMI was best known work
79
Q

Livius Andronicus

A

Roman playwright of comedy and tragedy

translated Greek plays into Latin

80
Q

Publicus Terentis Afer (Terrnece)

A
  • possibly FIRST African playwright
  • 6 plays survive
  • more polished than plautus
  • less physical comedy
  • robust and broadly entertaining
  • more literary and less exaggerated
  • stressed characterization, subtlty of expression and elegant language
  • based most of work on Greek models
  • combined plot elemnt from 2 Greek plays to create new one
  • more carefully constructed plots than Plautus
  • Often uses double plot, placing 2 characters in similar romantic situations and examining different reactions
  • held in great esteem during Middle Ages and renaissance
81
Q

Seneca

A
  • Tutor to Nero
  • Roman Playwright
  • used plays to teach Nero morality
  • deal with revenge, oratorical, supernatural elemnts, asides, maxims, violence and horror
  • characers have single motivating passion
  • big follower of stoicism
  • only Tragic Roman playwright of note
  • 9 plays are only surviving examples of Roman tragedy: ALL BASED ON GREEK myth
  • May or may not have been staged
  • Reworked Greek tales into his plays
  • chorus’ not integral to action. EMPHASISED VIOLENT SPECTACLE
  • relates on stage violence to themes and tragic circumstances of his characters
  • structre of 5 episodes separated by choral odes becomes basis of 5 ACT TRAGEDY
82
Q

22 BCE

A

pantomime introduced

83
Q

Pantomime

A

single actor/dancer would act out a stay while chorus sung with them. Led to women beginning to apear on stage

84
Q

364 CE

A

Roman Empire re-Splits

85
Q

Roman Theatre Characteristics

A
  • 65-85’ Diameter
  • Free standing Structure (not built into hill sides/ actual building)
  • larger audience seating
  • orchestra was semi-circular and rarely used for staging
  • Scaena (scene house) was 2-3 stories high: used for strage and dressing space
  • front of scaena was used as basic play setting
  • used curtains to alter scenic environment
86
Q

Pompey

A

builds first commercial Theatre in 55CE

87
Q

Roman Theatre Inspirted By

A

o Etruscans
• Placed great emphasis on religious festivals
• Their religious ceremonies included chariot races, gladiatorial battles, and prizefighting amongst other activities
• Romans incorporated the Etruscan festivals into their own culture, including many sporting and theatrical activities the Etruscans favored
o Mime
o Atellan farce
• Improvised
• Dealt with family problems
• Made fun of historical or mythological figures
• Toned down the sex and bathroom humor of regular Roman theatre
• Ancestor of commedia dell’arte
o Greek theatre
• Romans adapted Greek theatrical practices derived from this and the aforementioned sources and used them for their own purposes

88
Q

Ludi Romani

A

first major Roman festival to incorporate theatre

was deidcated to Jupiter

89
Q

Changed made by Roman Comics

A
  • eliminated chorus
  • addition of musical accompnaiment to most dialogue
  • emphasis on eavesdropping
90
Q

Roman Tragic Playwrights

A
  • Quintus Ennius
  • Marcus Pacuvius
  • Lucius Accius
91
Q

Dominus

A
  • head of troupe (usu leading actor)
  • made financial arrangements
  • bought dramas from playwrights
  • hired musicians
  • obtained costumes
92
Q

Roman Acting Techniques

A
  • detailed pantomime
  • broad physical gestures
93
Q

Roman Costumes/Props

A
  • Full linen head masks. Included attached wig, covering entire head
  • only mimes performed without masks
94
Q

500-400 BCE

A

development of dramatic poetry

95
Q

534 BCE

A
  • Satyr Play developed
  • half men, half goat chorus
96
Q

Stasima

A

chorus comments on what’s happneing or will happen

97
Q

Deus Ex Machina

A

random swift ending (used commonly by Euripides)

98
Q

Agora

A

market place

99
Q

Thymele

A

altar in orchestra

100
Q

proskenia

A

top part (proscenium)

101
Q

paraskenia

A

2 sides attached to proskenia (vetical supports of proskenia)

102
Q

Orchestra

A

“a dancing place” circle for actors to perform

103
Q

pinake

A

flats for set

104
Q

ekkyklema

A

wagon for dead characters

105
Q

Mechane

A

Deus Ex Machina crane

106
Q

komoidia

A

comedy

107
Q

parabasis

A

chorus disusses issue of playwright wich may or may not relate to story

108
Q

Pollox

A

bible on characers, settings for New Comedy

109
Q

Logeion

A

raised stage

110
Q

episkenia

A

back wall

111
Q

thyromata

A

3 openings in episkenia

112
Q

Aristotles 5 unities in The Poetics

A
  1. Plot structure
  2. Character
  3. Theme/Thought
  4. style
  5. spectacle
113
Q

aristotle modes

A
  1. passion
  2. purpose
  3. perception
114
Q

Pilates

A

single dancer for story w/ choral group backing (first women on stage)

115
Q

pantomime

A

single dancer telling story w/ music

116
Q

mime

A

short spoken stock character skits

117
Q

Phylakes

A

mime work in Sicily using Gossips

118
Q

Atellan farce

A

combines mime and stock characters

119
Q

pulpatron

A

half circle and raised above orchestra

120
Q

Versuae

A

entrances and exits

121
Q

Aristotle Quotes

A
  • “It is human nature to imitate”
  • “The Purpose of theatre is to teach or instruct”
122
Q

Guild of Dionysus

A

Tragedy= 3 actors

Comedy= unlimited actors

Actors played both comedy and tragedy

123
Q

Vitruvius

A

Roman architect

10 book series on theatre measurements and proportions

124
Q
A

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