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Mid Term Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common myths about psychoanalysis?

A

• It is not research-based
• outdated
• ineffective
• focused more on theory than empirical data
• Critics see it as elitist but proponents argue it fosters long-term psychological health.

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2
Q

What is the goal of psychoanalysis according to Jonathan Shedler?

A

Beyond symptom relief, psychoanalysis aims to build internal capacities and foster greater freedom and responsibility.

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3
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Oral (0-18m), Anal (18m-3y), Phallic (3-6y), Latency (6y-puberty), Genital (puberty+). Each stage has conflicts and fixations that influence adult personality.

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4
Q

What are key defenses associated with the psychosexual stages?

A

Oral: Projection, Incorporation; Anal: Reaction Formation, Isolation; Phallic: Repression; Latency: Repression; Genital: Sublimation.

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5
Q

What is Freud’s structural model?

A

The Id (instincts), Ego (mediator), and Superego (moral rules). The ego balances the desires of the id with the demands of the superego.

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6
Q

What are the core psychoanalytic models?

A

Topographical (conscious/preconscious/unconscious), Structural (id/ego/superego), Dynamic (internal conflicts), Genetic (biological drives), Economic (limited psychic energy).

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7
Q

What is the topographical model in psychoanalysis?

A

Conscious (aware thoughts), Preconscious (memories, easily accessible), and Unconscious (deep, repressed thoughts).

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8
Q

What is the genetic model in psychoanalysis?

A

Biological drives (sex & aggression) are the primary forces shaping personality.

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9
Q

What is the economic model in psychoanalysis?

A

Psychic energy is limited and must be distributed among different mental structures to maintain balance.

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10
Q

What is Adlerian psychology?

A

Adler emphasized social factors, striving for superiority, and overcoming the inferiority complex. Birth order impacts personality. Therapy is holistic and future-focused.

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11
Q

What are some key Adlerian techniques?

A

Lifestyle assessment, Empty Chair technique, Family Constellation questionnaire, Magic Question, addressing faulty beliefs.

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12
Q

What is the Inferiority Complex according to Adler?

A

A deep-seated feeling of inadequacy that drives individuals to compensate by striving for superiority.

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13
Q

How does Adler view birth order’s impact on personality?

A

Firstborns tend to be responsible, middle children are competitive, and youngest are often more carefree or rebellious.

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14
Q

What is ego psychology?

A

Focuses on the ego’s role in adapting to reality, managing defenses, and navigating life effectively. Key figures: Heinz Hartmann, Rene Spitz, Edith Jacobson.

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15
Q

What did Rene Spitz contribute to ego psychology?

A

Spitz researched caregiver relationships and found that infants deprived of maternal care (failure to thrive) suffer developmental issues.

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16
Q

What are conflict-free ego capacities?

A

Mental functions that develop independently from conflict, such as perception, memory, and language.

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17
Q

What did Edith Jacobson contribute to ego psychology?

A

She emphasized how early unmet needs shape future self-perception and ability to regulate emotions.

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18
Q

What is self-psychology?

A

Kohut’s theory that human development is based on forming a cohesive sense of self, rather than resolving internal conflicts.

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19
Q

What are self-object needs in self-psychology?

A

Joyful approval, a powerful protector, and shared interests (mirroring, idealization, twinship).

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20
Q

What is narcissism according to Kohut?

A

A failure to develop a stable sense of self, leading to excessive self-focus or grandiosity as compensation.

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21
Q

What is projective identification?

A

A defense where an individual projects unwanted feelings onto another person, then tries to control them in that person.

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22
Q

What is Melanie Klein’s paranoid-schizoid position?

A

An early infant stage where objects (people) are split into “good” and “bad” with no integration.

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23
Q

What is the depressive position in Klein’s theory?

A

A later stage where the child realizes that caregivers have both good and bad aspects, leading to emotional integration.

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24
Q

What is the manic defense?

A

A defense mechanism where individuals deny vulnerability and attempt to appear powerful and self-sufficient.

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25
What is object relations theory?
The study of how early relationships with caregivers shape later relational patterns and personality.
26
What is the False Self according to Winnicott?
A persona created to meet external expectations while suppressing the True Self.
27
What is the Good Enough Mother?
Winnicott’s concept that minor failures in caregiving help a child develop resilience and independence.
28
What is transitional object theory?
Winnicott’s idea that objects like blankets or toys help children bridge the gap between dependence and independence.
29
What is Otto Kernberg’s view of BPD?
BPD results from splitting (seeing people as all-good or all-bad). Love and aggression must be integrated for stable relationships.
30
How does Kernberg’s view differ from Kohut’s?
Kernberg: Development is about managing love and hate (BPD). Kohut: Development is about self-organization (NPD).
31
What is Lacan’s view on psychoanalysis?
He focused on how language shapes identity. He distinguished between need vs. desire, arguing that culture limits true desire.
32
What is the Mirror Stage in Lacan’s theory?
A stage where infants recognize themselves in a mirror, leading to the development of self-identity.
33
What is fixation in Freud’s theory?
When an individual becomes stuck in a psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflicts.
34
What is repression?
A defense mechanism where distressing thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious.
35
What is displacement?
A defense where emotions are redirected from their original source to a less threatening target.
36
What is reaction formation?
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse to reduce anxiety (e.g., someone with repressed anger being overly kind).
37
What is sublimation?
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities (e.g., aggression into sports).
38
What is identification?
Unconsciously adopting the characteristics of another person, often to deal with anxiety.
39
What is denial?
Refusing to acknowledge a distressing reality.
40
What is transference?
Redirecting feelings from past relationships onto a therapist.
41
What is countertransference?
A therapist’s emotional response to a client, influenced by the therapist’s own past experiences.
42
What is Sullivan’s interpersonal theory?
Personality is shaped by relationships and managing anxiety.
43
What is the Not Me experience?
A concept in Sullivan’s theory where a person dissociates parts of themselves that cause extreme anxiety.
44
What is empathic immersion?
A therapy technique where the therapist deeply tunes into the client’s emotions.
45
What is the father’s role in Lacan’s theory?
The father disrupts the child’s exclusive attachment to the mother, introducing societal rules and language.
46
What is the main focus of British Object Relations theory?
Relationships are more fundamental to development than biological drives like sex and aggression.
47
What is the primary difference between Freud and object relations theorists?
Freud saw drives as fundamental, while object relations theorists emphasized relationships.
48
What is Winnicott’s view on dependence?
Healthy dependence leads to interdependence; reliance on others is normal for development.
49
What is Kohut’s concept of mirroring?
Children need their caregivers to reflect their feelings and experiences to develop a stable sense of self.
50
What is idealizing transference?
The process where a client projects admiration onto a therapist, hoping to internalize their qualities.
51
What is twinship transference?
When a client seeks validation by identifying similarities between themselves and the therapist.
52
What is transmuting internalization?
Gradual realization of life’s harsh realities, helping to develop resilience and independence.
53
What is the core idea of self-psychology?
The formation of a cohesive self is central to psychological well-being.
54
What does Kohut say about narcissism?
It stems from early failures in empathy, leading to grandiosity or extreme self-doubt.
55
How does Fairbairn redefine object relations?
Relationships, rather than pleasure-seeking, are the fundamental drive in human behavior.
56
What is the frustrating object in Fairbairn’s theory?
An object that fails to meet emotional needs but is still desired.
57
What is the exciting object in Fairbairn’s theory?
An object once associated with pleasure but no longer provides satisfaction.
58
What is the anti-libidinal ego?
The part of the self that internalizes negative caregiver experiences, leading to self-sabotage.
59
What is the libidinal ego?
The part of the self that holds onto positive early experiences and seeks them in relationships.
60
How does Fairbairn view repression?
A mechanism to avoid awareness of bad parenting by idealizing caregivers.
61
What is Winnicott’s concept of the holding environment?
The mother’s emotional and physical presence, which provides safety for psychological growth.
62
What is the role of play in Winnicott’s theory?
A space where children experiment with self-expression and reality, fostering creativity.
63
What does Sullivan say about anxiety?
It is the root of psychopathology and is shaped by interpersonal relationships.
64
What is integration tendency in Sullivan’s theory?
The drive to be with others to reduce anxiety and establish reality.
65
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Fear is about physical safety; anxiety is about social acceptance and relationships.
66
What is empathic linkage?
The idea that moods and emotions transfer between people, shaping relationships.
67
What is the concept of “Good Me” in Sullivan’s theory?
Parts of the self that receive positive reactions from others and are reinforced.
68
What is the concept of “Bad Me” in Sullivan’s theory?
Parts of the self that receive negative reactions and are repressed or managed.
69
What is the concept of “Not Me” in Sullivan’s theory?
Traumatic experiences that are dissociated from the self due to extreme anxiety.
70
What is Kernberg’s view on love and intimacy?
Healthy relationships integrate both sexual desire and emotional connection.
71
How does BPD affect relationships according to Kernberg?
Individuals with BPD struggle with emotional stability due to splitting and fear of abandonment.
72
What is Roy Schaffer’s idea of agency in psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis should help people assume responsibility for their actions rather than remove all internal conflicts.
73
How does Hans Loewald view language in psychoanalysis?
Language connects the inner and outer worlds, helping individuals process emotions and experiences.
74
What does Lacan say about language?
Language structures desire, and cultural norms influence how we understand our own needs.
75
What is the “Name-of-the-Father” in Lacan’s theory?
The father’s role in breaking the mother-child bond, introducing societal rules and identity.
76
What is deconstructionism in psychoanalysis?
Lacan’s idea that meaning is fluid and shaped by cultural and linguistic structures.
77
What is the goal of Lacanian psychoanalysis?
To help individuals reconnect with their true desires by breaking free from social and linguistic constraints.
78
What is automatic living according to Lacan?
Unconscious gestures and speech patterns that bypass the ego’s rational control.
79
What is the difference between neurosis and psychosis?
Neurosis results from managing internal conflicts, while psychosis involves losing touch with reality.
80
What is iatrogenic harm in psychotherapy?
Negative effects of therapy, often due to poor therapist-client fit or inappropriate interventions.
81
What is the difference between evidenced-based therapy and psychodynamic therapy?
Evidence-based therapy focuses on symptom relief, while psychodynamic therapy explores unconscious conflicts.
82
How does insurance influence therapy models?
Insurance companies favor short-term therapies like CBT over longer psychodynamic treatments.
83
What is short-term psychodynamic therapy?
A brief psychoanalytic approach that aims for insight and symptom relief in 30 sessions or fewer.
84
What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?
To uncover unconscious patterns and unresolved conflicts influencing present behavior.
85
What are the two primary drives in Freudian theory?
The sexual (libidinal) and aggressive (death) drives.
86
What is the Oedipus complex?
A Freudian concept where a child experiences unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.
87
What is penis envy?
Freud’s theory that young girls experience anxiety over lacking a penis, which influences their psychosexual development.
88
What is castration anxiety?
A Freudian theory that boys fear losing their penis as punishment for their desires toward their mother.
89
What is the reality principle?
The ego’s ability to delay gratification in order to navigate the external world effectively.
90
What is the pleasure principle?
The id’s drive to seek immediate gratification of desires, regardless of consequences.
91
How does sublimation benefit society?
It channels destructive or socially unacceptable impulses into positive activities (e.g., art, work).
92
How does therapy help with defense mechanisms?
It helps individuals replace maladaptive defenses with healthier coping strategies.
93
What is interpretation in psychoanalysis?
The therapist’s attempt to bring unconscious material into conscious awareness.
94
What is the role of dreams in psychoanalysis?
Dreams reveal unconscious conflicts and desires, often disguised in symbolic form.
95
What is free association?
A technique where clients speak freely to uncover unconscious thoughts and emotions.
96
What is resistance in therapy?
When a client unconsciously avoids discussing distressing topics.
97
What is the role of the unconscious in psychoanalysis?
It holds repressed thoughts, memories, and desires that influence behavior.
98
How do psychodynamic therapists use transference?
They analyze the client’s projections onto the therapist to understand unresolved conflicts.
99
What is countertransference in therapy?
The therapist’s emotional reactions to a client, which can provide insight but must be managed.
100
How do early childhood experiences shape personality?
They create foundational relational patterns that persist into adulthood.

Psychodynamic (1 decks)

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