MID TERM Flashcards
(86 cards)
0
Q
Al-Andalus
A
A Muslim ruled religion in what is now Spain, est. the eighth century
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Q
Abbasids
A
A dynasty that ruled the Muslim empire from 750-1258
2
Q
Allah
A
The one god that all islams believed in
3
Q
Caliph
A
A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
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Q
Calligraphy
A
The art of beautiful writing
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Q
Fatimid
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A member of the Muslim dynasty that traced its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
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Hajj
A
A pilgrimage to Mecca performed as a duty by the Muslims
7
Q
Hijrah
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Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to medina in 622
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Q
House of wisdom
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The center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s
9
Q
Islam
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A monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in the seventh century
10
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Mosque
A
An Islamic place of worship
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Muslim
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A follower of Islam
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Quran
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The holy book of Islam
13
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Shari’a
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A body of law governing the lives of Muslims
14
Q
Shi’a
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The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as rightful successors of Muhammad
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Sufi
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A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with god through mystical means
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Sunna
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An Islamic model for living based on the life and teachings of Muhammad
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Sunni
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The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first for caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
18
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Umayyads
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A dynasty that ruled the Muslim empire from 661-750 and later established al-andalus
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The five pillars
A
- faith in the one god Allah
- prayer five times a day towards Mecca
- alms, wealthier people donate to the less fortunate
- fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
- pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life called the hajj
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Q
Rightly guided caliphs
A
- Abu-bakr, umar, uthman, Ali had all known Muhammad
- used Quran and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership
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Q
Umayyads
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- moved capitol to Damascus
- abandoned simple life and surrounded themselves in wealth and ceremony similar to non Muslim rulers
- took over by rebel groups in 750
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Abbasids
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- moved capitol to Baghdad
- created banks and major trade routes
- murdered all members of the Umayyad caliphate to start theirs
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Q
Muslim social classes
A
- upper class: Muslims at birth
- second class: converts to Islam
- third class: Jews and Christians (protected people)
- lower class: slaves
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Role of Muslim women
- had a significant amount of economic and property rights
- had access to education
- responsible for raising children
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Muslim science and technology
Created lunar calendar to know where to pray towards Mecca each day.
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Birth of Muhammad
570
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The Hijrah
622
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Death of Muhammad, Abu bakr becomes first caliph
632
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Umayyad caliphate
661-750
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Abbasid caliphate
750-1258
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Fatimid caliphate
90-1171
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Justinian
A high ranking byzantanian nobleman that claimed the throne of the eastern empire
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Justinian code
The body of law that was created by Justinian
- the code: contained 5,000 roman laws that were still useful
- the digest: summarized the opinions of Rome's greatest legal thinkers
- the institutes: textbook that taught law students how to use the laws
- the novellae: new laws
34
Hagia Sophia
The cathedral of holy wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of Justinian
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Patriarch
A principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity
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Icons
Religious images used by eastern Christians
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Excommunication
The taking away of a persons membership in the Christian church
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Cyrillic alphabet
An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages created by saints Cyril and Methodius
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Nika rebellion
Two political groups that revolted against the government and started a riot in the hippodrome
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Slavs
People from the forests north of the Black Sea
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Vladimir
Took the throne to Kiev in 950, converted to Christianity
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Yaroslav the wise
Vladimirs son that helped to expand Russia to greater glory
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Kiev
A city on the Dnieper river that had access to Constantinople by water
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Moscow
The city in Russia that broke free from mongol rule
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Mongol rule in Russia
Russians could follow normal customs, but no rebelling. Mongols demanded obedience and massive amounts of payment
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Ivan 1
Gained gratitude of Mongols by helping crush a Russian rebellion
Convinced patriarch of Kiev to move to Moscow
Was criticized by other citizens until they won the standoff against the Mongols, liberating them
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Ivan III
Openly challenged mongol rule, refused to pay tributes
| Won the standoff at the ulga river against the Mongols
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Byzantine empire threats/how did they hold off enemies?
Arabs, Slavs, and Russians threatened the empire, but the empire used bribes, diplomacy, political marriages and military strength to hold off their enemies
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Church split in 730 cause
Large distance between the two churches, and a lack of communication.
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Sacraments
Visible signs of something sacred
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How did Vladimir unite and strengthen Kiev?
Expanded Kiev into Poland and north toward the Baltic Sea. He also fought off nomads on the southern steppe.
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How did Yaroslav lead Kiev to glory?
Created a legal code relating to Kievs society, married his daughters off to kings and princes of Western Europe which forged trading alliances. Also built the first library in Kiev
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How did Yaroslav lead to Kievs decline?
He split power among his four sons instead of passing it down to his eldest son, and when he died his sons fought over which territory they wanted
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Emperor Constantine establishes Constantinople
330
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Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantine empire
527
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Nika rebellion (dates)
532
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Emperor Leo III banned icons
730
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Church split
1054
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Vikings descent into modern day Russia
800s
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Baptism of all Kiev citizens
989
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Yaroslav took throne
1019
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Mongols attack and demolish Kiev
1240
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Mongols and Russians face in a standoff
1480
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Sui dynasty achievements
- completion of grand canal
- connecting huang he and Chang Jiang rivers
- rebuilding the Great Wall
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Tang taizong
The tang emperor from 626-649
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Tang Dynasty achievements
- Taizongs armies re conquered northern and western land
- extended influence over Korea
- strengthened central government of China
- expanded roads and canals made by the Sui
- promoted foreign trade and agriculture
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Wu Zhao
Empress that ruled the Korean campaign in the Tang Dynasty
| Only woman to ever name herself empress
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Civil service examination
The test taken to assume a political position, open to all men.
The rich could pay for years of education relating to these tests.
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Song Dynasty accomplishments
- bought peace with their northern enemies through trade
| - established a new capitol at Hangzhao
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Tang and Song Dynasty inventions
- Moveable type
- gunpowder
- magnetic compass
- paper money
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Steppe
Vast belt of dry grassland that stretched across Eurasia
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Nomadic pastoralists
Herded domesticated animals
On the move constantly looking for grazing land for their animals
Moved according to seasonal patterns
Depended on animals for food, clothing, and housing
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Nomads vs settled societies
Often engaged in peaceful trade, but sometimes when some societies were weak or the nomads were just jealous, they would attack the settled societies
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The rise of the Mongols
Temujin united his Mongol army by conquering nomadic clans one by one and earned the name Ghengis khan which means universal ruler
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Ghengis khan
For 21 years he led his mongol army to conquer most of Asia.
After one of his ambassadors was murdered by the Muslims, he launched a campaign of terror across Central Asia and took cities by killing all of their inhabitants
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Ghengis as a conquerer
- Brilliant organizer: organized his armies into a mighty fighting force, 1,000 man brigades, 100 man companies, and 10 man squads
- Gifted strategist: confused enemies by attacking from different locations, then all at once
- Cruelty as a weapon: terrified his enemies into surrender
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Pax Mongolica
The Mongol peace, guaranteed safe passage for caravans and traders on the silk roads, ideas travelled along with trade goods
78
The khanates
- Khanate of the great khan: China
- Khanate of Chagatai: Central Asia
- Khanate of the Golden Horde: Russia
- Ilkhanate: Perisa
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Kublai Khan
- conquered China and started the Yuan Dynasty after Ghengis khans death
- united china for first time in 300 years
- opened China to trade and foreign contacts
- tolerated Chinese culture and made a few improvements to the government
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Yuan Dynasty achievements
Built the capitol at the site of modern Beijing
| Moved Mongolian capitol to China, shows how much kublai khan wanted to make an impact
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Failure to conquer Japan
- Kublai sent huge fleets of mongol and Korean soldiers to japan, which cost a lot of money
- second fleet carried 150,000 soldiers against japan, the largest seaborne invasion until WWII
- after 53 days, japan succeeded to hold them off
- typhoon started and destroyed all enemy ships.
82
Kamikaze
The "divine wind" or typhoon that the Japanese saw as what saved them against the Mongols
83
What were the levels of society in tang and song china?
- upper class: consisted of scholar officials and their families, known as the gentry
- urban middle class: merchants, shopkeepers, and artisans
- lower class: laborers, soldiers, servants, peasants
84
Foot binding
Showed the wealth and beauty of a woman, reflected the wealth of her husband
85
Chinese rule under kublai khan
Trade flourished, Chinese traditions were tolerated
Expanded grand canal to Beijing
Chinese were kept out of high government positions and lived apart from the Mongols
