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Bio 111 > Mid Term > Flashcards

Mid Term Flashcards

1
Q

What are sources of energy used by life?

A
  1. ) light
  2. ) inorganic compounds (h2,h2s)
  3. ) organic compounds (starch, fat)
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2
Q

Autotroph

And two examples of autotrophs

A

“Self feeding”
Uses inorganic compounds + outside E to make organic molecules

Ex photo autotrophs: use light and Co2 to make glucose

Chemoautotrophs: use chemical E, CO2 to make glucose

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3
Q

Heterotroph

And two examples of heterotrophs

A

“Different feeding”
Use organic compounds such as carbon source to make organic molecules

Ex.) chemoheterotrophs: consume organic molecules as both energy source and C source to transfer into other molecules (animals fungi many bacteria)

Photoheterotrophs: use light as energy but get C from food ( some bacteria)

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4
Q

Why is life so diverse?

A

Evolution

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5
Q

How did life start?

A
  1. ) early pre O2 atmosphere & zap with lightning
  2. ) this forms monomers (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars)
  3. ) place monomers in favourable locations for condensation reactions (clay shores, hydrothermal vents, hot pools)
  4. ) RNA before DNA -simpler -acts as a catalyst
  5. ) lipids naturally form bilayer spheres which encapsulate RNA providing a more stable environment
  6. ) self replication structure -> nucleus acid inside the nucleotides on outside
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6
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change in population of organisms over successive generations

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7
Q

How do scientists work out evolutionary relationships?

A

Look for similarities and differences:

  • fossil record
  • morphological comparisons
  • development
  • molecular analyses
  • behaviour
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8
Q

Why is chocking so common in humans?

A

Because the lungs evolved from the esophagus

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9
Q

Clade:

A

A monophyletic group (includes ancestral group and all its descendants)

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10
Q

What are the 3 universal characteristics of life?

A
  1. ) transform energy to synthesize new molecules (energy transformation)
  2. ) make nearly faithful copies of themselves (reproduce)
  3. ) regulate internal environment (maintain homeostasis) in response to external changes.
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11
Q

Taxon:

A

a named group of organisms at any level of a phylogenetic tree, eg mammals or Homo sapiens

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12
Q

Polytomy:

A

Populations likely split very rapidly from each other, making it hard to resolve which split off earlier or later

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13
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Common ancestor group missing a descendant

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14
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Group where a descendant doesn’t belong

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15
Q

Monophyletic:

A

Common ancestor group with all descendants included

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16
Q

Homology

A

Shared ancestry (homology)

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17
Q

Homoplasy

A

Similarity due to convergent evolution -similar function

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18
Q

Physical changes over time

A
  • movement of continents = continental drift
  • volcanic activity, meteorite collisions
  • rise and fall of sea levels
  • changing temperature
  • increase in O2
19
Q

Life is affected by physical changes to earth, but life itself also brings about physical changes to earth

A
  • no O2
  • O2 = light E splits h2o & free electrons are used to reduce co2 to build organic molecules
  • O2 is waste product
  • leads to aerobic respiration
  • supports more complex life (eukaryotic, multicellular)
20
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic prokaryotes

Formed stromatolites

21
Q

Cambrian explosion

A
  • oxygen levels made big, mobile animals possible
  • the evolution of predation exerted selection for hard parts, exoskeletons, and rapid movement
  • animals moved from ocean floor which led to development of new habits
  • new genes, new bodies hox genes evolved
22
Q

What are the earths oldest organisms?

A

Bacteria

23
Q

Defining characteristics of archaea

A

Absence of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Distinctive lipids present in their cell membrane

24
Q

Plasmid

A

Extra-chromosome DNA, small rings, easily exchanged during sex

25
Q

Bacterium structure includes :

A 
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Plasma membrane 
Flagellum
Peptidoglycan 
Outer membrane
26
Q

Gram positive :

Gram negative:

A

Thick cell wall

Thin cell wall between 2 membranes ( typically antibiotics are ineffective against gram negative bacteria )

27
Q

The three challenges of a bacteria

A
  1. ) make nearly faithful copies of themselves (reproduce)
  2. ) respond to the outside environment by resisting internal changes in physical and chemical environments ( maintain homeostasis
  3. ) transform energy to synthesize new molecules (energy transformation)
28
Q

Reproduction in bacteria

A

Rapid short generation times

Asexual reproduction = binary fission

29
Q

Exchange of genetic material in bacteria 3 methods

A

Conjugation: genes on plasmids are easily transferred ( genes transferred through sex pilus

Transformation: (uptake of free genetic material)

Transduction (via viruses: bacteriophages)

30
Q

Maintain homeostasis

A

Respond to harsh environmental conditions

Move toward or away from chemicals

31
Q

Endospores

A

Protect bacteria from adverse conditions ( auto cave must be use to kill them)

32
Q

Biofilms

A

Bacteria form surface- coating communities

  • form polysaccharide gel trapping debris and other cells
  • can be hundreds of cells thick
  • composed of single or many species
33
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Bacteria are able to move toward or away from chemical signals

  • use flagella (different than eukaryotes)
    • made from different proteins
    • thinner & more numerous
  • also glide roll use gas floats inside cell
34
Q

Paleozoic

A

Marine organisms

Ended with massive extinction 75% because of sea level and ocean temperature drop

35
Q

Silurian

A

Marine life rebounded

Animals swim and feed a

36
Q

Optimal hydration

A

Avoid dehydration of the body

37
Q

What is diversity?

A
  1. ) genetic variation
  2. ) Species composition
  3. ) function (eg biochemical pathways)
38
Q

Paleozoic

A

Marine organisms

Ended with massive extinction 75% because of sea level and ocean temperature drop

39
Q

Silurian

A

Marine life rebounded

Animals swim and feed a

40
Q

Optimal hydration

A

Avoid dehydration of the body

41
Q

What is diversity?

A
  1. ) genetic variation
  2. ) Species composition
  3. ) function (eg biochemical pathways)
42
Q

Vestigial trait

A

A reduced structure no function anymore

43
Q

Developmental homology

A

Recognized in embryos

Bio 111 (1 decks)

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