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Equine Health and Disease > Mid-Term > Flashcards

Mid-Term Flashcards

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1
Q

Strangles

A
  • Streptococcus equi subsp. Equi
  • Host-associated bacterium
  • Common infection
  • Will survive
  • No treatment
    • Only vaccination choices
  • Highly contagious
    • Fever, lymph swelling, nasal discharge, off feed
    • Confirmed by pharyngeal wash
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2
Q

Grandulosa Cell tumor and Hormone production

A
  • Above age 15, See neoplasia: uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiological control
  • Show dominance
  • Does not typically spread
  • Can be removed
  • Masculine behavior, constant estrus, nymphomania, no estrus
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3
Q

Cribbing

A
  • Ingesting of air into pharynx
    • Confinement stress, need to isolate from herd, could also be caused by diet
  • Consequences
    • Worn incisors
    • Gastroduodenal ulcers
  • Management: roughage, social contact, cribbing collars, etc.
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4
Q

Chemical Restraint

A
  1. Xylazine (rompun)
    • Mild sedative/ pain reliever/ muscle relaxation
      • Colic
  2. Detomidine (dermosedan)
    • Deep sedation
    • Anaaigesia (without pain)
    • Used for Minor procedures
  3. Acepromazine (ace)
    • Drops blood pressure
      • Mild sedative
  4. Butorphanol (Torbutrol)
    • Narcotic Class IV – veterinarian use only
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5
Q

Alkali disease

A
  • Loose Hoof, or tail, or hoof will crack
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6
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A
  • Leads to liver failure
  • Ponies and donkeys
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7
Q

Equine Viral Arthritis

A
  • Causes stocking up
  • Was hot strain, now mild
  • Modified live, will cause abortions
  • If you do not have papers and are asked o bleed to see if they have antibodies, will be accused/ diagnosed with EVA

Horses graze and pick up spores -> which develop in anaerobic muscle. Organisms proliferate when vaccinated. Which kills the horse

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8
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A
  • Typically does not kill animal
  • Will cause them to get sick
  • Coroticus steroid to treat hives
    • Decreases the immunity
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9
Q

Core Vaccines

A
  1. Tetanus
  2. Western Equine Encephalomyelitis/ Eastern Equine Ecephalomyelitis
  3. West Nile Virus
  4. Rabies
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10
Q

Core Vaccine #1

A
  • Tetanus
    • Fatal disease due to soil-borne bacterium
    • When animal get a wound, especially around feet and mouth
    • “Saw horse” stance: cause muscle to contract, Fatal
    • Safe for pregnant mares
    • Toxoid (Safe form of the tetanus toxin)
      • Anaerobic environment to produce toxin
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11
Q

Core Vaccine #2

A
  • Western Equine Encephalomyelitis/ Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
    • Sleeping sickness
    • Fatal mosquito-borne viral encephalomyelitis
    • VEE – 1, EEE – 2, WEE – 3 (Fatal to least fatal)
    • Vaccinate before insect activity
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12
Q

Core Vaccine #3

A
  • West Nile Virus
    • Circulates in birds and mosquitos
    • Closely resembles WEE and rabies.
    • More common, cause a 33% fatality rate
    • Vaccinate before insect activity
    • Can be given to pregnant mares
    • Typically, does not get high enough viremia to further transmit
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13
Q

Core Vaccine #4

A
  • Rabies
    • Viral Infection
    • 100% fatal, because the only conformation is to cut off head and test it
    • Develops a lameness and progressively gets worst
    • Transmitted by skunk, raccoon, or bat
      • Typically bitten on face or lower leg
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14
Q

Shock

A
  • inadequate profusion of oxygen
  • Golden hour: period between exposure of traumatic event and going into shock
  • Capillary refill greater than 3 seconds (Pale)
  • Tissue do not get enough oxygen
    • Will start to die
    • Kidney to liver to heart
  • Do not want to much picc… in circulation, can stop the heart
  • Can lead to organ failure
  • Do not give a horse ace with a wound or laceration.
    • Will cause vasodilation, which causes horse to into SHOCK
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15
Q

DJD: Degenerative joint disease

A
  • Periaticular stress
    • Ringbone: high pastern P1 and P2, low pastern P2 and P3
    • Bone spavian: lower portion of the hock joint
  • Recognition: flexion test, diagnostic blocks, radiography/ultrasound, scintigraphy (localize lameness, injection into the vein)
  • Management: NSAIDS (bute), Corticosteriods and hyaluronic acid, supplements (legend), Fusion surgery (only if little mobility will be lost)
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16
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • Superficial/ deep digital flexor tendon
  • Suspensory ligament
  • Repetitive cycle of microdamage
  • Acute: heat, swelling pain and lameness
  • Chronic: persistent thickening and intermittent, slow healing (9-12 months), ultrasound detection
  • Major deal
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17
Q

Suspensory Desmitis

A
  • Excessive loading force, fatigue of flexor muscle
    • Over – extended fetlock injury and ligament
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18
Q

Stress fractures in equine athletes (pain protects injury)

A
  • Catostrophic injury: preexisting stress fracture
  • Fetlock joint : metacarpophalangeal
  • Consistent location with characteristic configuration for each bone
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19
Q

Laminitis

A
  • Can be chronic
  • Inflammation of sensitive laminae of hoof
  • Recognition: saw horse stance, foot sensitivity, warm hoof
  • Management: NSAIDS (DMSO, bute), Increase blood flow will decrease edema (ace), corrective shoeing
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20
Q

Coffin bone fracture:

A
  • big deal, damages joint
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21
Q

Fracture (various)

A
  • Fatal
  • upper limb is more serious because more weight
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22
Q

Upper fixation of patella

A
  • Acute?
  • medial is too loose to
  • fix with scar tissue
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23
Q

HYPP

A
  • Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
  • abnormality in the exchange of electrolytes across muscle cells
  • grain or corn syrup to stimulate the release of insulin that helps move potassium back into cells
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24
Q

Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy

A
  • Type 1: point mutation in glycogen synthase
  • Type 2: mutation not yet defined
  • Abnormal glycogen in muscle cells
  • Long term treatment: replace carbohydrates with fats and regular exercise
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25
**Splints**
* actue, medial swelling * Time and corticosteroids
26
**Osteochondrosis**
* overgrowth of cartilage, bilaterally symmetrical in stifle, hock, fetlock, shoulder * Big deal
27
**Proximal suspensory desmitis**
* big deal * upper cannon inflammation of ligament * worked to hard for level of fitness, typically no swelling * Bone chips * flexion test and nerve block to confirm * Rest for 4-6 month, gradually increase exercise, corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, bone marrow cells
28
**Degenerative suspensory desmitis**
* inflammation of the ligament (flexion test)
29
**Curb**
* Swelling of hock
30
**Fibrotic myopathy**
* fiberorous connective tissue in the muscle, chronic. * Painful muscle cramps causing muscle to damage, which is toxic to the kidney
31
**Extertional Rhabdomyolysis complex: Tying Up**
* Chronic: sporadic (nutritional) and reccurent (some can be genetic) * Stiff and reluctant to move * Hard muscles, especially in the hind quarters * Profuse sweating and rapid breathing * Stop exercise * May need tranquilizers * Care with anti-inflammatories Chronic Rhabdomyolyis: recurrent exertional rabdomyolysis, polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1 and 2, malignant hyperthermia (MH), myofribrillar myopathy (MFH)
32
**White muscle disease**
* Vitamin E- selenium deficiency, vitamin E is the antioxidant * Acute: profound muscular weakness * often fatal: FPT or aspiration pneumonia * usually in growing foals. Difficult to nurse
33
**Glycogen Branching Enzyme deficiency (GBED)**
* Quarter horses and paints * Homozygous recessive * Abortion or death before 18 weeks * Week at birth if make it full term. Typically fatal
34
**Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis**
* Periodic release of K+ in the blood * Decedents of Impressive * Dominant genetic trait * Mild case: grain/ corn syrup orally * Sever cases: I/V solutions of calcium and dextrose * Regular exercise
35
**Clostridial myositis**
* Spores are ingested or introduced in a wound * spores in muscle on introduced by wound * liver or skeletal muscle * secondary to **any injection** * Swelling and pain
36
**Pigeon Fever**
* Bacterial… looks like tuberculosis in sheep * Insect transmitted * Summer * Sever muscle lesions * No vaccine * **typically in sternum** * Seen is SW united state, sometimes Wyoming * Treatment: drain/ antibiotics, vaccine
37
**Vesicular** **Stomatitis**
* big deal * blisters in the mouth * FEDS moniter--\> transmit to cattle * **no vaccine** * Insect transmitted * Not fatal
38
**Choke**
* For most part: treatable * Blocked esophagus * Signs: distressed, coughing, foamy saliva and feed exiting through the nose * Aspiration pneumonia (lungs) * Recurrent can mean cancer in lining and muscle damage * Complications: permanent stricture, dilation * **Treatment**: NG tube (sedation required), massaging mass, antibiotics * Esophagus does not heal well
39
**Large Strongyles**
* Parasitic arteritis in major artery of intestine * Can kill a horse * S. vulgaris: large migrating larva
40
**Small strongyles**
* cyathostomes: hard to kill because hybernates in larva stage * anthelmintic resistance to cyathostones
41
**Roundworms**
* Parascaris equorum * liver and lung damage * nutrient deprivation
42
**Equine Gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS)**
* **Ulcered non-glandular mucosa** * Chronic colic, weight loss, back pain, poor performance * Common in young foals and adults in training * Treatment: Feed more than twice a day, less grain more fiber, omeprazole * Gastric coating
43
**Gastric rupture**
* sudden death from endotoxemia
44
**Ulcers, Glandular Stomach**
* NSAIDs * Blister Beetle * cantharidin * causes ulcers in mouth, stomach, and bladder * red and black beetles in alfalfa
45
**Colic**
* Intraabdominal pain * Anxiety, pain, sweating, pawing, rolling * Less serious: Gas, spasmodic, feed impaction, enterolith (stone) * Serious: displacement, torsion, strangulation * Antispasmodic: if it doesn’t stop contracting it is serious * Shock can occur Treatment * Mild-moderate * Anti-inflammatory drugs, sedatives, narcotics, antispasmodics, laxative, fluid IV * Serious * Surgical * Expensive, slow recover * Complications * Laminitis * Peritonitis * Hernia Prevent colic: regular deworming, regular feeding regimen, small feed, high quality feed, gradual change, daily exercise, water availability, dental care
46
**Proximal enteritis**
* affects upper portion of small intestine * duadenum-jejunum * foals * Extremely painful, infectious or toxic * Treatment * non-surgical: fluids; gastric decompression; NSAIDs * surgical
47
**Necrotic enteritis**
* Acute fatal colic * Takes a while for them to produce **trypsin**-\> makes it difficult for bad organisms to pass through the stomach * Happens within first 12 hours of life
48
**Lawsonia enteritis**
* Not as major * Organisms cause lining of SI to proliferate * Chronic diarrhea and weight loss * Fecal – oral transmission * Making diagnosis is difficult * Treated with antibiotics * *dependent on host for replication*
49
**Equine granulomatous enteritis**
* tissues thicken because cells of macrophage inflammation of small intestine * hypoalbuminemia, weight loss
50
**Colitis**
* inflammation of major part of large intestine. * fluid in LI absorbs toxins --\> endotoxic * Causes: salmonellosis, clostridium difficile, Potomac horse fever * Diarrhea and fever * Fatal * Treatment: fluids and antibiotics, isolation
51
**Salmonellosis**
* 10% of horses are carriers * When under stress the disease will proliferate, then transfer to others * _nosocomial_ infection (hospital-acquired) * Silent carrier, milk infection, severe acute diarrhea, septicemia, abortion * _Often no blood in stools_ * **No vaccine** * Quarantine * If access to pasture * Rodent and bird proof storage of feed * Pelleted feed is best
52
**Lethal white foal syndrome (overo)**
* Known mutation * Failure to develop melanin pigment and enteric ganglia * Failure to pass meconium, therefore colic
53
**Hepatic Disease (Liver Failure)** general info
* Acute: typically show severe signs * Chronic: insidious * Typically: jaundice, neurological signs, weight loss, photosensitization
54
Causes: ## Footnote **Theiler's disease**
* Jaundice (yellow tint in eyes), acute severe hepatic encephalopathy * Occurs after use of serum, plasma, or blood products * Low clinical signs (morbidity) * High mortality (50-90%) * Associated with tetanus antitoxin * No specific treatment
55
Causes: ## Footnote **Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis**
* Ingesting plants containing this toxin * Weight loss, jaundice, behavior changes * Exposure to houndstongue, ragwort * Treatment: remove weed from area, supportive treatment depending on degree of liver damage * Most horses will not eat due to bitter taste
56
Causes: ## Footnote **Cholangiohepatitis**
* Infection with bile duct, or bile stone * Fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, colic symptoms * Ultrasound will show liver enlargement and a distended bile duct, stones may be observed
57
Causes: ## Footnote **Hyperlipemia**
* Accumulation of fat in the blood stream * Sudden depression, loss of appetite, edema under belly * Minature horses and donkeys * Cushing should be treated * Prognosis is poor
58
Causes: ## Footnote **Tyzzer's disease**
* Affects foals 8-42 days, usually found dead * If alive usually down, convulsing, and depressed * Signs and blood test consistent with liver disease * High levels of antibiotics (penicillin and amikacin or chloramphenicol) * Usually not possible or unsuccessful
59
**Blister Beetles**
* They are plant-feeding insects commonly found in alfalfa * Cause ulcers in mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, and urinary tract * Death within 72 hours * Colic * Managed through harvesting practices
60
**Plutomic Horse fever**
* Aug-Sep * "Shasta River Crud" * Caused by: atypical bacterium, extremely small, lives inside cells * Break with Diarrhea * **treatable with Oxytetracycline** *
61
**Sinusitis**
* URT infections, complications of dental disease, cysts, hematomas, neoplasia * Uni/bilateral discharge, bacterial, Fungal and viral * **Flushing with antibiotics or surgery to remove bad teeth** * Radiography or endoscopy to diagnose
62
**Pharyngitis​**
**(infection in back of throat)** * Pharynx is a common space for URT and digestive system, monitors infectious agents * Tonsils are policemen * Nasal discharge, intermittent cough (dripping to epiglottis) and enlarged LNs * Common in young horses * Clinical signs and endoscopy * Not life threatening and generally nuisance disease
63
**Guttural Pouch Disease**
* Large infections can lead to neurological disease and carotid rupture * Bacterial (guttural pouch empyema: puss) * Fungal (guttural pouch mycosis) * Chondroids (inspissated pus) * Tympany does not kill them but is extremely uncomfortable * Common in foals * Air in guttural pouch * Visible enlargement of throat area
64
**Ethmoid Hematoma**
* Usually older horses * Ethmoid: scroll bone bleeds * A hematoma develops on the ethmoid * Showing signs: bloody nasal discharge, abnormal noises, breathing difficulty * Surgically removed (hard to get to the back of nasal passage)
65
**Roaring (Laryngeal Hemiplegia)**
thoroughbreds * Damage/disease to the recurrent laryngeal nerve * Paralysis of arytenoid cartilage = obstruction of airflow = roaring * Usually left side * Treatment: often unnecessary, surgery if horse competes
66
**Dorsal Displacement of soft palate**
* Typically soft palate divides pharyngeal area between the nasal passages and the mouth * Here the soft palate displaces dorsally over the epiglottis * Affects breathing and swallowing * Exercise intolerance, abnormal breathing sound * Treatment: tying the tongue, surgery
67
**Epiglottic Entrapment**
* Epiglottis trapped over the lip of pharynx * Epiglottis is deformed or small * Difficulty breathing, swallowing, abnormal sounds, cough * **Treatment: surgery to incise the tissues trapping epiglottis** * Easily corrected with a quick recovery
68
**Arytenoid Chondritis**
* Inflammation of entry to the larynx * Causes distortion and enlargement to arytenoid cartilages * Arytenoid loose mobility and obstruct airflow * Exercise intolerance, noisy breathing * Treatment: surgery (remove arytenoids or diseased portions)
69
Big Picture for URT Diseases
* *_Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis_*--\> nasal discharge * Sinusitis-suspect if discharge from only one nostril * *_Guttural pouch disease_*--\> infection or tympany * MAJOR hemorrhage possible in internal carotid is damaged * *_Ethmoid hematoma_* --\> hematoma on ethmoid turbinates * *_Roaring_--\>* damage to nerve= paralysis of artenoids= obstruction of airflow * *_DDSP_*--\> soft palate displaces over epiglottis * _*Arytenoid* *Chondritis*_ --\> inflammation of arytenoids = obstruction of airflow * **Common clinical signs** * nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, abnormal breathing sounds * **Common diagnostic** * endoscopy * **Common treatment** * surgery
70
**Strangles**
* Highly contagious * Fever and lymph node swelling (2 weeks after fever), along with nasal discharge * Primarily lives in the horse * Short environmental persistence * Confirmed by pharyngeal washes/swabs * **Complications** * Bastard strangles: internally * Purpura hemorrhagica: purple hemorrages, distal limbs, skin will sluff * Aspiration pneumonia: pus reaches lungs * Myositis: stiff and sore * Chronic carrier state (guttural pouch) * **During an outbreak** * Isolate horses with swollen nodes, monitor other horses * Vaccination choices: Killed or modified live (do not vaccinate for this during an outbreak)
71
**Equine Influenza...**
* **The Virus!** * Orthomyxovirus * Equine influenza virus * Survives 1-2 days on surface * Surface protein: if immune system see (H3, N8, H7, N7) will have immunity * **100% morbidity** * **As the disease** * URT infection: severe cough, nasal discharge, fever, muscle pain, slow recovery * Risk of LRT infection * Which turns into pneumonia (damage lung) * **Vaccines: Killed** * Vaccination in face of outbreak is helpful * **Testing:** Nasal swabs, serology, leukopenia, serum sample * Isolate/ quarantine * Recovery: 1 week off work for each day of fever
72
**Rhinopneumonititis**
* Herpes virus * EHV-1 and EHV-4 * Respiratory disease in horse under one year * **BOTH URT AND LRT AFFECTED** * Often mild, looks like a cold * Infected for life, random reocurrences * Complications: abortions in unvaccinated herds, herpes myelitis (get into CNS), secondary bacterial pneumonia * **THREE** SYNDROMES * Respiratory disease --\> usually EHV-4 * EHV-1 myelitis--\> spinal cord and brain * Abortion (usually EHV-1)
73
**Pneumonia**
* Inflammation of the lung * Many etiologies * Bacterial (strangles, Rhodococcus equi) * Viral: predisposed to secondary bacteria * Fungal: uncommon * Non – infection: milk, mineral oil * Foreign body pneumonia
74
**Rhodococcus Equi**
* Bacterial pathogen that is everywhere! * Abscesses in the lung * Fever, depression, abnormal breathing, diarrhea, coughing * 80% recovery with antibiotics * No vaccine
75
**Heaves**
* **Inflammatory Airway Disease** * Non - infectious: dusts, allergens, noxious gas * Infectious: bacterial, viral, etc * Exercise intolerant, cough, nasal discharge * Control: bronchodilators, corticosteroids, expectorants, pasture turnout * **Recurrent Airway Obstruction** * COPD, equine asthma * Most important respiratory syndrome in horses * Risk factors: older horse, dust, respiratory infection * Clinical signs: cough, increase respiratory effort at rest, exercise intolerance * Control: pasteurizing, minimizing dust contact, pelleted food, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, expectorants * \*must change the environment for a recovery
76
Inflammatory Airway Disease vs. Recurrent Airway Obstruction
* IAD * milder clinical signs * **precursor** for RAO * **No** increased respiratory effort at rest * usually younger horses * RAO * mover sever clinical signs * **results in IAD** * sever disease= increased respiratory effort at rest * usually older horses
77
**Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage: EIPH (Bleeders)**
* Blood is mostly in lower airways, only about 5% in the nostrils * blood from the lungs * Mechanism: transient pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure) * Reduces performace * Control: diuretic (lasix)
78
**EHV – 5 (new viral disease)**
* Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis * Weight loss, low-grade fever, exercise intolerance * Rare infection * \*do not know much about
79
**Peripheral Nerves**
* Peripheral nerves: Small bundles of nerves branching from spinal cord * Afferent: transmit messages to brain-spinal cord * Efferent: send instructions to the body * 12 pairs of cranial nerves * Directly from the brain * VISION * HEARING * SMELL * Messages transmitted by neurotransmitters * Synapse * Neurological Diseases * Inflammation of tissues * Infection of meninges (membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord)= *meningitis* * Inflammation of the brain= *encephalitis* * Inflammation of the spinal cord= *myelitis* * When the spinal cord and brain or inflamed= *encephalomyelitis*
80
Why are infectious encephalopathies important?
* There are some that are zoonotic, they can cross the blood-brain barrier, and are difficult to treat.
81
**Meningitis**
* Signs * Fever * Headache * Hyperesthesia * Increase in sensitivity * Neck rigidity/myalgia * Painful muscle spasms * **Treatment** * Bacterial- antibiotics * Anti-seizure meds * Anti-inflammatory drugs * DMSO
82
**Alphaviruses**
* **WEE, EEE, VEE** * Sleeping sickness due to depression * Arthropod-borne * Bird (WEE; EEE) and Rodent (VEE)--\> mosquito cycle * Control by limiting insects * VEE\>EEE\>WEE * **Zoonotic**
83
**Epilepsy (seizures)**
* Mostly young animals * Seizures * Continuous=**tonic** * Transitory= **clonic** * Postictal= **post-seizure depression** * Horse may defecate or urinate suddenly * **Treatment** * Diazepam * Valium * Phenobarbitol
84
**Narcolepsy**
* Deep sleep * Loss of muscle tone * Stimulated by * Petting * Feeding * Quiet stall rest * **Treatment** * Imipramine
85
**Cerebellar Abiotrophy**
* Arabian Foals * Genetic * Abnormal development of the cerebellum (**balance and coordination)** * Neurons begin to die at 2-4 months * Progressive neurological disease * Specific test available * Euthanasia
86
**Rabies**
* Viral infection * PROGRESSIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE * **VACCINATE**
87
**Equine Motor Neuron Disease**
* Spinal cord and brain stem degeneration * Progressive * Muscle weakness and atrophy * Trembling/sweating * Horse-in-a-ball stance * Head carried below shoulders * **Treatment** * Vitamin E
88
**Toxic Plants**
* Nigropallidal encephalomalacia * **Yellow star thistle** * **Russian knapweed** * **Loco Weed** * Knocks out nerve cells in the front of the brain * Muscles of head become rigid * Lips and muzzle retract * Tongue protrudes
89
**Brain and Spinal Trauma**
* Treat to minimize swelling * Persistent seizures * **Cervical Vertebral Malformation** * **"Wobbler"** * **Location** * Different locations in caudal neck * Ataxia= poor muscle coordination * Usually in all 4 limbs * Unknown cause * Typically in young horses * **Treatment** * Surgery vs. Euthanasia vs. Medical treatment vs. Diet
90
**Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis**
* Infection= common * Disease= rare * HARD to diagnose * Spinal tap * No vaccine * Muscle atrophy, ataxia, weakness, hind limb lameness, back pain * **Location** * Typically in spinal cord * **Treatment** * Combination antimicrobial medication * Anticoccidial meds * Vit. E * Anti-inflammatory drugs
91
**Equine Herpesvirus**
* Rhinopneumonitis = EHV-1 = Neurological form * Signs * Nasal discharge * Ataxia * Loss of bladder function * Treatment * Anti-inflammatories * Catherization * Permanent gait alterations * Viral--\> treatable
92
**Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy**
* Degeneration in brainstem nuclei * Genetic **plus dietary component: Vitamin E and/or Copper** * **Treatment** * Vitamin E supplementation vs. Euthanasia * Stabilizes but doesn't reverse EDM
93
**West Nile Virus**
* Seasonal insect transmitted * Signs * Tremors around nose and lips * Ataxia * Hind limb paralysis * Seizures * Coma * **Treatment** * Supportive/nursing * Anti-inflammatories and anti-edema * **Vaccinate**!
94
**Tetanus**
* Found everywhere --\> enters through wounds * Horses susceptible species * Signs * Stiff and anxious * Prolapsed 3rd eye * Body rigidity * Lockjaw * **Treatment** * Minimize stimuli * Anti-toxin * Muscle relaxants * Penicillin Euthanasia
95
**Stringhalt**
* Exaggerated involuntary flexion of hock at walk * Plant toxicity * Catsear, flatweed, multi-stemmed dandelion
96
**Headshaking**
* Facial pain syndrome * **Treatment** * Cyproheptadine (antihistamine-type med used for human headaches) * Carbamazepine (antiepileptic drug) * UV blocking masks * Contact lenses * Face masks that block airflow into the nasal passages * Embolization coils * Electrical nerve stimulation
97
**Shivers**
* Difficulty walking backward * Pelvic limb tremors * Myoclonic, hyper flexed pelvic limbs * Draft and Warmbloods * No treatment
98
**Suprascapular neuropathy**
* Direct trauma * Sweeney * Atrophy of shoulder muscles * **Treatment** * Ice * Cold water * NSAIDS
99
**Sarcoid**
* **_NEOPLASTIC_** * _Sarcoids are equine tumors that have a COMPLICATED CAUSE_ * Bovine Papilloma Virus +/- Wound +/- Genes = Sarcoid * **_Sarcoids area equine tumors that are COMMON, have a COMPLICATED_** **_CAUSE,_** **_and CAN be a concern_** * **SARcoid is not a SARcoma** * Most common skin tumor in horses (90% of skin tumors) * Four forms: * Flat crusts * Warts * Small or large nodules * Mixed, locally invasive masses * **Location:** * Can occur anywhere, but common sites include: * Head * Legs * Ventral trunk * **Treatment** * Surgical removal * Cryotherapy * Intralesional cytotoxic drugs * Radiation * Bacille Clmette-Guerin vaccine * Autologous Vaccine * Xterra * Extract of bloodroot and zinc chloride
100
**Squamous Cell Carcinoma**
* **NEOPLASTIC** * **_SCC involves SUN, SUN-SENSITIVE SKIN and eyes, and SLOW to grow and SPREAD_** * **Location** * Unpigmented skin (sun exposure) * Skin- MM transition * Conjunctiva, lips, nose, anus, genitalia, Papillomavirus (genital), old branding or burn sights * Eyes * 3rd eyelid, eyelid, cornea ("cancer eye") * **Treatment** * Surgical removal --\> 40-50% cure * Cryosurgery --\> higher cure 90%
101
**Melanoma**
* **NEOPLASTIC** * **_Melanomas are BLACK, can occur on BUTTS of old grey horses, normally are BENIGN but can go around the BLOCK_** * **Location** * Perineum, base of ears, around eyes, neck * **Treatment** * If evidence of growth, treat * Surgical removal * Cimetidine (Tagamet) * Oncept canine melanoma vaccine being tested in horses
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**Equine Papilloma Virus**
* **NEOPLASTIC** * **_Equine Papilloma on MUZZLE is MOMENTARY and affects MINORS Equine Papilloma on PRIVATES is PERMANENT and affects PENSIONERS_** * **Location** * Muzzle/lips: 4-6 yrs of age * Genitalia: older horses * **Treatment** * Muzzle and lips: self-resolves in 3 months * Persistent= immunosuppressed * Genital: generally do not resolve, can become SCC, monitor
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**Proud Flesh**
* **Non-Neoplastic** * **_Wounds can PRODUCE PROUD flesh, which PREVENTS PROPER healing_** * Prevents wound from epithelializing=\> keeps skin from healing over * **Location** * Below knee/hock * Cannon bone or pastern area * Skin under tension * **Treatment** * GOOD WOUND MANAGEMENT * Suture over promptly * Debride + pressure * Anti-inflammatories * Caustic compounds * Not recommended
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**Swelling**
* **Non-Neoplastic** * **Cause** * Inflammation (includes infection) * Decreased fluid drainage * Lack of protein in vessels * Too much pressure in vessels
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Swelling: ## Footnote **Due to Inflammation**
* Cellulitis * **_CELLULITIS means the sub-CUTANEIOUS is COOKIN'_** * **Treatment** * Antibiotics * NSAIDs * Bandaging * Hydrotherapy
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Swelling: ## Footnote **Due to Decreased Fluid Drainage**
* **Chronic Progressive Lympedema** * **_DRAFTS can't DRAIN, DEAD by 6_** * \*Initially scratches like\* * **Location** * Distal aspect, limbs * Lumpy skin/subcutis * Back of pastern * Recurrent 2nd infections * **Treatment** * Palliative care * Trim feathers * Control infections * Compressive bandages * Exercise
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Crusts due to Infection: ## Footnote **Dermatophilus (Rain Rot or Scald)**
* **_Dermatophilus PRODUCES PEELABLE PAINTBRUSHES when its PRECIPITATING_** * **Location** * Dorsum or back of hindquarters- where water accumulates * **Treatment** * Keep dry and clean * Anti-microbial shampoos * Antibiotics
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Crusts due to Infection: ## Footnote **Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)**
* Fungal infection * Higher incidence in fall/winter in temperate climates * Raised, circular swellings, then hair loss and crusting; variably itchy * **Treatment** * Sunlight * Good nutrition * DILUTE bleach * Antifungal shampoos * Miconozole * Chlorheidine * Povidine-Iodine Solution
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Crusts due to Infection: **Parasites**
* (treat with insecticide; oral ivermectin for suckling lice) * **Lice** * **_Lice- LIKE LOW temperatures, and you can LOOK at them_** * **Mange** * **Psoroptic Mange** * In the body * **Chorioptic Mange** * Legs * **_Mange- MICROSCOPIC, but can be MIGHTY itchy_** * **Summer Sores** * **_Summer Sores are STOMACH worms in the SKIN_**
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​Crusts due to Infection:​ **Pastern Dermatitis**
* Scratches --\> Grease heel --\> Grapes * **_SCRATCHES is not a SINGLE disease_** * **Location** * Pastern/fetlock * **Treatment** * Regular washing, keep dry * Protect from UV * Topical: DMSO, disinfectants, antibiotics, antifungal, anti-inflammatories
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​Crusts due to Infection:​ **Aural Plaques (Ear Fungus)**
* **_PLAQUES are PERMANENT, and appear on the PINNAE_** * More active in summer * **Treatment** * Imiquimod- irritating * Blood root
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​Crusts due to Infection:​ **Fistulous Withers**
* **_In fistulous withers, the BURSA BOIL over_** * **Treatment** * Surgery Antibiotics
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Crusts due to Allergy: **Eosinophilic granuloma**
* **_Eosinophilic granuloma is NODULAR, NOT painful, and due to allergens_** * **Location** * Chest and back * **Treatment** * Surgery if must
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Crusts due to Allergy: **Sweet Itch**
* **_Caused by GNATS, seen in multiple GENERATIONS_** * **Location** * Face, peri-auricular, main, withers, rump, tail, and ventral midline * **Treatment** * Remove gnats * Fly spray, pour-on, stable when flies are out, fly sheets, etc.
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Crusts due to Auto-Immune: **Pemphigus foliaceous**
* **_Pemphiguous has PLENTY of triggers, and is PERMENANT, may have POOR quality of life_** * **Treatment** * Corticosteroids/azathiprine immunosuppression vs. Euthanasia
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Crusts due to Unknown Causes: **Cannon Keratosis (Stud Crud)**
* Lifelong * Non-painful unless secondary infections * Middle-aged or older * **Treatment** * Anti-seborrhea shampoos
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Weird Stuff: **A****nhidrosis**
* **_AndhidroSIS- can't SWEAT because of STRESS hormones, SUSCEPTIBLE to heat STROKE_** * **Treatment** * Removal of severe climatic stress
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Weird Stuff: **Hirsutism**
* **_Hirsutism is HAIRY, due to HORMONES_** * Associated with PPID (Equine Cushing's Disease) * Treat the underlying disease * \>15 yrs old
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Weird Stuff: **Photosensitization**
* Dermis of ALL unpigmented skin * Secondary to hepatic injury * Metabolite of chlorophyll enters the skin due to impaired biliary excretion
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Weird Stuff: **Herda**
* Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia * \*ALL skin affected * AQH * Normal at birth- develops at 2-4 yrs * Hyper extensible skin + scars * **Treatment** * Genetic test for cyclophilin B mutation
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Weird Stuff: **Linear Keratosis**
* QH, TB, standardbreds * Birth-5yrs * Genetic?? * Asymptomatic blemish * Lifelong * No treatment
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Diseases of Pigmentation
* **_Albinism vs._** * Overo Lethal White * Non-functioning colon * Lavender Foal Syndrome (Arabs) * Weakness, neuro signs * **_Leukotrichia_** * White hairs * Retriculated=tiger striping * \>1 yr old * Other forms of pigment loss * **_Vitiligo_** * Autoimmunity to melanin
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**Wounds**
* 1st Intention Healing= sharp, clean wound; heals quickly; less infection * Surgical incision * 2nd Intention Healing= cannot pull the skin over the wound; has to heal from "the sides"; higher risk of infection
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List three dead end host diseases
EPM West Nile EEE WEE
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Blister Beetles
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EPM
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Blue gums
Cyanosis
128
Pale
Shock/anema
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Equine Health and Disease (2 decks)

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