Mid-term Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
Goal of Psychoanalysis
A
Bring the unconscious into the conscious to reduce repression
2
Q
Instinct Theory
A
Humans have instinctive urges that must be suppressed or the individual will be come dysfunctional
3
Q
Id, Ego, Superego
A
- Id - the unconscious
- Ego: realistic part that mediates the ego and superego to preserve the person
- Superego: moral conscience, ego-ideal
4
Q
Repression
A
- Push unacceptable psychic material to the unconscious
- Done unconsciously, can become stuck (fixated)
5
Q
Defense Mechanism
A
- Triggered, anxiety signals that unconscious material threatens to break through to conscious
6
Q
Displacement
A
- unwelcome impulse is transferred onto another person (safer than intented target)
7
Q
Identification
A
- Qualities of another are taken into the person’s personality
8
Q
Projection
A
- Attribute unconscious qualities or impulses on another person
- the ego repudiates the unacceptable part of the personality and projects it outside and onto another (also can be seen in blame shifting)
9
Q
Reaction Formation
A
- unacceptable urge is transformed into its opposite (e.g. rage to love)
- often a disguise for the opposite
- common for compulsive people and BPD
10
Q
Sublimation
A
- Healthy reaction: funnel unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity (turn rage to sport instead)
11
Q
Regression
A
- retreat to an earlier stage of development
- often retreat to a fixated state
- common when overwhelmed, stressed
12
Q
Theory of the Person Stages
A
- Oral - birth to first year
- Anal: 1-4
- Phallic: 4-6 (key stage for resolving Oedipal Complex)
- Genital Stage - adolescence
- Latency - period of sexual repression
13
Q
Dysfuntional re Freud
A
Anyone who has unresolved unconscious conflicts (particularly Oedipal)
14
Q
3 types of Anxiety (Freud)
A
- Realistic: reaction to real danger
- Neurotic: fear of libido
- Moral: fear of punitive superego
15
Q
Conversion Disorder
A
- formerly called “hysteria”
- physiological symptoms that have no physical basis
- anxiety has converted to symptoms
16
Q
Transference
A
- client re-creates a pivotal former relationship with the analyst
- brings out both positive and negative emotions towards therapist
17
Q
Countertransference
A
- conflicts from therapist’s past are projected onto the analytic situation
- therapist loses their objectivity
18
Q
Freud’s Phases of Therapy
A
- Opening: FTF first, see if analysis appropriate
- Transference Dev.: analyst interprets
- Working Through: new memories surface, client more confident wrt thoughts, behavior, past
- Resolution of Transference: sufficient insight
19
Q
Introjection
A
- occurs when a person internalizes the ideas or voices of other people-often external authorities
- done unconsciously
20
Q
Splitting
A
- separate dangerous feelings, objects and impulses from pleasant ones to manage them
- can be “all or nothing” thinking
- see things as all good or all bad
21
Q
Jung’s Archetypes
A
- Psyche/Personna: conscious aspects of personality; appropriate ego
- Personal Shadow: lives in unconscious; negative aspects of person
- Collective Unconscious: knowledge, beliefs and experiences shared by all
- Animus/Anima: Animus (masculine), anima (feminine)
22
Q
Jung’s 3 “Balances”
A
- Introversion/Extroversion
- Thinking/Feeling
- Sensation/Intuition
23
Q
Disintegration Anxiety (define)
A
- Fear of psychological death
- Threat of fragmentation
24
Q
Optimal Frustration
A
- disruption in empathy
- normal, need this to develop normally and avoid over polarized personality
25
3 Key needs Person Centred Therapy
* **Empathy** (the counsellor trying to understand the client's point of view)
* **Congruence** (the counsellor being a genuine person)
* **Unconditional positive regard** (the counsellor being non-judgemental)
26
External Locus of Evaluation
* values are not self-generated, come from outside (external conditions of worth)
27
Internal Locus of Evaluation
* experiences are valued on the basis of the needs of the organism
* Orient towards experiences that "actualize"
* Usually this person has good positive self-concept and unconditional self-regard
28
Goal of PC Therapy
* diminished or eliminated conditions of worth and incongruence between self and experience
* decisions based on natural organismic valuing process and actualization
* lose the "conditional self"
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Congruence
* Genuineness, realness, transparence
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Unconditional Positive Regard
* approach client with complete acceptance and caring (prizing)
31
Empathy
* Counselor (e.g.) perceives the internal experience of another as if he were that person (but only temporary)
32
4 Concerns Existentialism
1. Death
2. Freedom
3. Meaning
4. Isolation
33
Basic Philosophy of ET
* Humans are free, responsible for their own lives and everyone has the potential for self-actualization
34
4 Modes of Being
1. physical world
2. inner psychological world, subjective experience
3. in relation to others
4. spiritual world
35
Role of Counselor in ET
* Fellow traveller
* Give responsibility back to client
36
Anxiety's role in ET
* powerful anxiety- knowledge of own mortality (existential anxiety)
* motivator to live life with purpose (Yalom)
* creates defenses
* specialness- if special, death won't apply to us
* ultimate rescuer- they will save us from nonexistence
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Existential Guilt
* Guilt related to possibilities unfulfilled
* unavoidable
38
Happiness according to ET
* NOT a pursuit
* comes from finding meaning in situations
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Dysfunction according to ET
* result of living an unexamined life (not thinking about meaning and value)
* Functional people always search for "authentic self"
40
ET present or past?
The immediate, subjective experience of the client and therapist (not the past)
41
Bracketing
* holding previous knowledge in awareness and putting it aside
42
Dereflection
* Redirect attention or deflect away from the self and out to the world
* Goal is to redirect clients' attention to discover meaning in situations in the present moment, rather than becoming trapped in obsessive worry.
43
Classical Conditioning
* pair an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) - which produced salivation (unconditioned response) with something (bell) to result in a conditioned response
* the unconditioned becomes conditioned
44
Little Albert Experiment
* human emotions are learned and can be generalized
* can condition a generalized fear
45
Operant Conditioning
* positive and negative reinforcement to increase a behavior
* punishment to decrease a behavior
46
Observational Learning
* Bandura: humans can learn BOTH dysfunctional and functional learning
* vicarious conditioning (e.g.)
47
Is BT focused on Ego, Id or Superego?
* Id focused
48
Goal of BT
* Reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
* teach in increase adaptive responses
49
Ex. of BT Questions
* Is there a trigger for the behavior?
* How long does it last?
* How often does it occur?
* On scale of 1-10 how intense is it?
* Describe the behavior
* When is the behavior (or with whom) least likely to occur?
50
List of Some BT techniques
* Exposure therapy
* Systematic desensitization
* Reinforcement
* Extinction
* Stimulus control
* Modelling
* Role Play
51
Criticism of BT
* cold, mechanical
* ignores feelings and thoughts, past, interpersonal relationships
* superficial
* solution focused
* missed opportunities to go deeper
52
Positive Quality of BT
* Scientific basis
* empirical evidence that it works
53
Diversity and BT
* cold so may be good for some people who are less emotional
* sturctured, directive - good for those who value hierarchy
* can be seen as ignoring oppressed groups - who decides what is adaptive? can therapist take control without considering social/cultural forces?
* some behaviors are culturally appropriate so should not look to change those
54
Philosophy of Cognitive Therapy
* events/experiences trigger thoughts, which trigger reactions (emotional, behavioral or physiological)
55
Schemas
* organize information and attach meaning to it (innate process)
* use these to make sense of environment
56
4 Basic Human Motivators
1. Preservation
2. Reproduction
3. Dominance
4. Sociability
57
3 types of Cognition
1. **Automatic**: survival/primal based
2. **Conscious**: thinking
3. **Metacognitive**: think about our thought processes
58
3 General Themes Negative Core Beliefs
1. Helplessness
2. Unlovable
3. Worthlessness
59
Automatic Thoughts
* Fleeting thoughts that come out of nowhere but are based in core beliefs - can be images
60
Core and Intermediate Beliefs
* **Core:** what I believe is true about myself regardless of what others think
* **Intermediate:** conditional and include coping
61
Cognitive Triad
* Negative views of self, world and the future
62
Examples of Cognitive Distortions
1. All or nothing thinking
2. Overgeneralization
3. Mental Filter - dwell on negative, ignore +
4. Jump to conclusions (mind reading, fortune telling)
5. Magnification/Minimization
6. Labeling
7. Personalization and Blame
8. Should and Must statements
63
Goal of CT
* Idnetify faulty schemas and information and change it, try to eliminate AT's
* Modify beliefs
* Teach problem-solving strategies
64
CT Techniques
* cognitive restructuring
* **Thought Records**
* **Questioning** - "what was going through your mind just now?"
* **Downward arrow** (identify beliefs to get to core beliefs)
* **Social skills training**
* Problem solving
* Cognitive disputation - question thoughts and beliefs to (e.g.) reduce anxiety
65
Critique of CT
* too simple
* may clash with collectivist culture cuz based on "everyone responsible for own fate"
66
Why is CT good?
* empirical support for effectiveness
* treatment manuals
* clients taught to help themselves
