Mid-Term

Question 1

A nonincarcerative sanction in which offenders serve all or a portion of their sentence in a community.

Answer 1

Community Corrections

Question 2

The state in which a defendant has been sentenced by a court after having either pleaded guilty or been found guilty by a judge or jury. Being adjudicated is equivalent to a conviction.

Answer 2

Post-Adjudication

Question 3

The state in which a defendant has not yet pleaded guilty or been found guilty by a judge or jury. Said defendant is either in a pretrial stage or has been offered deferred adjudication.

Answer 3

Pre-Adjudication

Question 4

Community supervision of a convicted offender in lieu of incarceration under conditions imposed by a court for a specified period, during which it retains authority to modify those conditions or to resentence said offender if he or she violates those conditions.

Answer 4

Probation

Question 5

A sentencing philosophy that focuses on consistency for a crime committed, specifying by statute or sentencing guidelines an exact amount or narrow range of time to be served in prison or in a community and mandating a minimum amount of time before an offender is eligible (if at all) for release. Also known as a presumptive, fixed, or mandatory sentence.

Answer 5

Indeterminate Sentencing

Question 6

A sentencing philosophy that focuses on consistency for a crime committed, specifying by statute or sentencing guidelines an exact amount or narrow range of time to be served in prison or in a community and mandating a minimum amount of time before an offender is eligible (if at all) for release. Also known as a presumptive, fixed, or mandatory sentence.

Answer 6

Determinate Sentencing

Question 7

Monetary payment deposited with a court to ensure a defendant’s return for the next court date, in exchange for said defendant’s release.

Answer 7

Bail

Question 8

Court-ordered correctional supervision of a defendant not yet convicted whereby said defendant participates in activities such as reporting, house arrest, and electronic monitoring to ensure appearance at the next court date.

Answer 8

Pretrial Supervision

Question 9

A spectrum of community supervision strategies that vary greatly in terms of supervision level and treatment capacity, ranging from diversion to shortterm duration in a residential community facility.

Answer 9

Intermediate Sanctions

Question 10

Any activity or program conducted to prepare prisoners to return safely to a community and to live as law-abiding citizens.

Answer 10

Prisoner Reentry

Question 11

A program in a minimum-security, community-based or institutional setting for offenders who have spent time in prison and are nearing release. Its focus includes transitioning, securing a job, and reestablishing family connections.

Answer 11

Prerelease Program

Question 12

Early privileged release from a penal or correctional institution of a convicted offender, in the continual custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence under supervision in a community.

Answer 12

Parole

Question 13

The theory that an offender on community supervision will refrain from committing technical violations and/or new crimes if, after considering the costs and benefits, the consequences for misbehavior are certain and severe enough that the sanctions outweigh the benefits.

Answer 13

Specific Deterrence Theory

Question 14

A primary goal of the corrections system, and the process in which offenders are exposed to treatment programs and skills training in order to change their thinking processes and behaviors.

Answer 14

Rehabilitation

Question 15

A theory of rehabilitation that suggests focusing on treating high-risk offenders, matching correctional interventions with criminogenic needs, and implementing treatment according to offenders’ learning styles and personal characteristics.

Answer 15

Risk/Need/Responsivity

Question 16

Problems, habits, or deficits that are directly related to an individual’s involvement in criminal behavior.

Answer 16

Criminogenic Needs

Question 17

Various sentencing philosophies and practices that emphasize an offender’s taking of responsibility to repair harm done to a victim and to a surrounding community. It includes forms of victim-offender mediation, reparation panels, circle sentencing, and monetary sanctions.

Answer 17

Restorative Justice

Question 18

An integrated theory of community supervision that suggests that offender compliance and active participation, along with officer supervision strategies of communication, casework, and leverage are necessary to achieve offender accountability, offender risk/need reduction, and public safety. Change is mediated by offender motivation, parental/significant other support, and officer–client relationship quality.

Answer 18

Participation Process Model

Question 19

Correctional programs and techniques shown through systematically evaluated research studies to be most effective with offenders.

Answer 19

Evidence-Based Practice

Question 20

Using stiffer punishment or excessive control for offenders who would ordinarily be sentenced to a lesser sanction.

Answer 20

Net Widening

Question 21

A return to criminal behavior, variously defined in one of three ways: rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration.

Answer 21

Recidivism

Question 22

A monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of a court for an offense.

Answer 22

Amercement

Question 23

A document issued by a police officer to a juvenile who commits a misdemeanor or status offense that allows the juvenile to complete deferred adjudication or diversion probationary supervision without being formally adjudicated by the juvenile court, in states that allow this practice.

Answer 23

Civil Citation

Question 24

A recognizance or bond given a court by a defendant before or after conviction, conditioned on his or her being “on good behavior” or on keeping the peace for a prescribed period.

Answer 24

Security

Question 25

An oral or written request that a court repeal, nullify, or overturn a decision, usually made during or after a trial.

Answer 25

Motion to Quash

Question 26

An order of a court after a verdict, finding, or plea of guilty that suspends or postpones an imposition or execution of sentence during a period of good behavior.

Answer 26

Suspended Sentence

Question 27

When an indictment is held in abeyance with neither dismissal nor final conviction, in cases in which the judge wishes to defer adjudication or suspend the sentence.

Answer 27

Laid on File

Question 28

A Boston bootmaker who was the founder of probation in the United States.

Answer 28

John Augustus

Question 29

Latin term meaning that the government acts as a “substitute parent” and allows the courts to intervene in cases in which children, through no fault of their own, have been neglected and/or are dependent and in which it is in their best interest that a guardian be appointed for them.

Answer 29

Parens Patriae

Question 30

An alternative to traditional criminal sentencing or juvenile justice adjudication that provides offenders with a chance to avoid conviction upon successful completion resulting in a dismissal of current charges. Also known as deferred adjudication.

Answer 30

Diversion

Question 31

Formal written agreement between a state government and local entities that funds counties to implement and operate community corrections programs on a local level.

Answer 31

Community Corrections Acts

Question 32

A community-supervision philosophy that allows an officer to create therapeutic relationships with clients through counseling and behavior modification, assisting them in living productively in a community.

Answer 32

Casework

Question 33

Supervision that involves identifying the needs of probationers or parolees and referring them to an appropriate community agency.

Answer 33

Brokerage of Services

Question 34

A supervision model in which probation or parole officers develop skills and linkages with community agencies in one or two areas only. Supervision under this model is a team effort, each officer utilizing his or her skills and linkages to assist an offender.

Answer 34

Community Resource Management Team Model

Question 35

A correctional practice based on the concept of just desserts and even-handed punishment. The justice model calls for fairness in criminal sentencing so that all people convicted of a similar offense receive a like sentence. This model of corrections relies on determinate sentencing and/or abolition of parole.

Answer 35

Justice Model

Question 36

A supervision strategy that emphasizes public safety, accountability, partnerships with other community agencies, within boundaries defined by street intersections or zip code.

Answer 36

Neighborhood-Based Supervision

Question 37

A community supervision style emphasizing motivational interviewing and meaningful professional relationships between clients and officers in a dual role as a therapeutic change agent and an enforcer.

Answer 37

Criminogenic Needs-Based Supervision

Question 38

A court imposed sentence that involves a short time in jail, followed by a longer period of probation. Also known as shock incarceration.

Answer 38

Split Sentence

Question 39

Conditional release to a community under a determinate sentence that is automatic at the expiration of a minimum term of sentence, minus any credited time off for good behavior.

Answer 39

Mandatory Release

Question 40

Conditional release while still remaining under supervision of an indeterminate sentence, which is granted because members of a parole board have decided that a prisoner has earned the privilege.

Answer 40

Discretionary Release

Question 41

A form of release from prison after 100% of the sentence has been served behind bars and there is no postprison supervision.

Answer 41

Expiration

Question 42

A British naval captain who served as governor of the penal colony on Norfolk Island, off the coast of Australia. He instituted a system of early release that was the forerunner of modern parole. Maconochie is known as the “father of parole.”

Answer 42

Alexander Maconochie

Question 43

A system of human motivation organized by Alexander Maconochie that granted credits for good behavior and hard work and took away marks for negative behavior. Convicts used the credits or marks to purchase either goods or time (a reduction in sentence).

Answer 43

Marks System

Question 44

A notorious British “supermax” penal colony a thousand miles off the coast of Australia that housed the most incorrigible prisoners.

Answer 44

Norfolk Island

Question 45

The forced exile of convicted criminals. England transported convicted criminals to the American colonies until the Revolutionary War and afterward to Australia.

Answer 45

Transportation

Question 46

A license or permit given to a convict as a reward for good conduct that allowed him or her to go at large and work before expiration of sentence, subject to certain restrictions and revocable upon subsequent misconduct. A forerunner of parole.

Answer 46

Ticket-of-Leave

Question 47

An Irish prison reformer who established an early system of parole based on Alexander Maconochie’s experiments with a mark system.

Answer 47

Sir Walter Crofton

Question 48

Developed in Ireland by Sir Walter Crofton, a system that involved graduated levels of institutional control leading up to release under conditions similar to modern parole. American penitentiaries are partially based on the Irish system

Answer 48

Irish System

Question 49

An American prison reformer who introduced modern correctional methods, including parole, to Elmira Reformatory in New York, in 1876.

Answer 49

Zebulon R. Brockway

Question 50

The concept that, given proper care and treatment, criminals can be cured to become productive, law-abiding citizens. This approach suggests that people commit crimes because of influences beyond their control, such as poverty, injustice, and racism.

Answer 50

Medical Model

Question 51

The concept that the goal of corrections should be to punish offenders because they deserve to be punished and that punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of an offense.

Answer 51

Just Deserts

Question 52

Otherwise known as compassionate release, a prisoner’s conditional release from prison to the community if he or she has a terminal illness or needs long-term medical care and does not pose an undue risk to public safety.

Answer 52

Medical Parole

Question 53

While preparing for the next scheduled court appearance following arrest, a defendant’s release into a community as an alternative to detention.

Answer 53

Pretrial Release

Question 54

The defendant promises to show up at the next court date and to remain law abiding. Allows defendants to remain at liberty in the community until their next court date without paying the court a deposit.

Answer 54

Release on Recognizance

Question 55

Statutory authority that allows pretrial services officers to release a defendant before an initial court appearance in front of a judge.

Answer 55

Delegated Release Authority

Question 56

An individual who agrees to become responsible for the debt of a defendant or who answers for the performance of a defendant, should said defendant fail to attend the next court appearance.

Answer 56

Surety

Question 57

A situation in which a defendant does not attend a scheduled court hearing.

Answer 57

Failure to Appear

Question 58

The post-conviction stage, in which a defendant is brought before a court for formal judgment pronounced by a judge.

Answer 58

Sentencing

Question 59

A form of subjective extra-legal decision making where each defendant’s case is considered according to intangible factors, such as amount of harm caused, amount of media attention generated, whether the defendant provided assistance to prosecutors on other cases, and reducing perceived oppression or system inequality.

Answer 59

Reflective Justice

Question 60

A statutorily determined sentence that judges are obligated to use. Any deviations (mitigating or aggravating circumstances) must be provided in writing and may be subject to appellate court review.

Answer 60

Presumptive Sentencing

Question 61

A governing body that monitors the use of sentencing guidelines and departures from recommended sentences.

Answer 61

Sentencing Commission

Question 62

A report submitted to a court before sentencing describing the nature of an offense, offender characteristics, criminal history, loss to victim, and sentencing recommendations.

Answer 62

Presentnece Investigation Report

Question 63

After a defendant has pleaded guilty and been sentenced, a report written by a probation officer in order to aid probation and parole officers in supervision, classification, and program plans.

Answer 63

Post-Sentence Report

Question 64

An investigation undertaken by a probation officer for the purpose of gathering and analyzing information to complete a report for a court.

Answer 64

Presentence Investigation

Question 65

A written account by a victim as to how a crime has taken a toll physically, emotionally, financially, and/or psychologically on the said victim and victim’s family. Victim impact statements are considered by many states at the time of sentencing and at parole-board hearings.

Answer 65

Victim Impact Statement

Question 66

Verification of a probationer or parolee’s situation and whereabouts by means of an officer’s speaking with a third party who knows the offender personally (such as a family member, friend, or employer).

Answer 66

Collateral Contacts

Question 67

The right of a defendant to read and refute information in a presentence investigation report prior to sentencing.

Answer 67

Disclosure

Question 68

One or more types of error made in the pretrial and/or trial process that does not change the outcome of a case.

Answer 68

Harmless Error

Question 69

Information offered as a truthful assertion that does not come from personal knowledge but rather from a third party.

Answer 69

Hearsay

Question 70

Probation or parole conditions imposed on all offenders regardless of the offense.

Answer 70

Standard Conditions

Question 71

Probation or parole conditions tailored to fit the offense and/or needs of an offender.

Answer 71

Special Conditions

Question 72

A condition of community supervision that attempts to invoke shame in an offender by requiring him or her to publicly proclaim guilt.

Answer 72

Scarlett Letter Conditions

Question 73

Structured interview of an offender using a validated quantitative instrument that identifies an offender’s risk of recidivism and criminogenic needs to address during treatment.

Answer 73

Assessment

Question 74

A measure of an offender’s propensity to commit further criminal activity that also indicates the level of community supervision required.

Answer 74

Risk

Question 75

Correlates of the likelihood of recidivism that, once they are set, cannot be changed (such as age at first arrest, number of convictions, etc.).

Answer 75

Static Factors

Question 76

Correlates of the likelihood of recidivism that can be changed through treatment and rehabilitation (drug and alcohol abuse, anger management, quality of family relationships, and so forth).

Answer 76

Dynamic Factors

Question 77

The oversight that a probation or parole officer exercises over those in his or her custody.

Answer 77

Supervision

Question 78

A method of community monitoring that ascertains offender compliance through one or more of the following means: face-to-face home visits, curfew, electronic monitoring, phone verification, and drug testing.

Answer 78

Surveillance

Question 79

An officer’s personal visit to an offender’s home or place of employment for the purpose of monitoring progress under supervision.

Answer 79

Field Contact

Question 80

The number of individuals or cases for which one probation or parole officer is responsible.

Answer 80

Caseload

Question 81

Eight treatment standards that, if practiced, have been shown to reduce recidivism below that of other methods and that constitute the theory behind evidence-based correctional practices.

Answer 81

Principles of Effective Intervention

Question 82

A therapeutic intervention for helping a person to change that is a blend of two types of therapies—cognitive therapy of the mind and behavioral change of the body.

Answer 82

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Question 83

A communication style in which a community-supervision officer creates a positive climate of sincerity and understanding that assists an offender in the process of change.

Answer 83

Motivational Interviewing

Question 84

A chronological account of detailed notes written by a probation or parole officer and organized by date, about any client contact and/or case information that becomes a permanent part of the offender’s case file.

Answer 84

Chronos

Question 85

A bimonthly meeting of key staff members to discuss the progress and/or outcomes of probationers or parolees on a particular caseload or who are enrolled in a specific community corrections program.

Answer 85

Staffing

Question 86

Treatment that holistically addresses previous victimization experiences and life circumstances that most often pertain to girls and women offenders, delivered in a collaborative and nonconfrontational manner.

Answer 86

Gender-Specific Programming

Question 87

An agreement signed by all states and U.S. territories that allows for the supervision of parolees and probationers across state lines.

Answer 87

Interstate Compact

Question 88

Under the interstate compact, the U.S. state in which a conviction is based.

Answer 88

Sending State

Question 89

Under the interstate compact, the state that undertakes a supervision.

Answer 89

Receiving State

Question 90

A community supervision officer’s use of techniques during interactions with an offender to reinforce desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior

Answer 90

Core Correctional Practices

Question 91

An agreement between one or more probation/parole agencies and one or more local law enforcement departments to share information for a specific purpose, and/or assist in the supervision and apprehension of known offenders on community supervision.

Answer 91

Probation/Police Partnership

Question 92

A form of probation that stresses intensive monitoring, close supervision, and offender control.

Answer 92

Intensive Supervision Probation/Parole

Question 93

When an offender with a substance-abuse problem returns to abusing alcohol and/or drugs.

Answer 93

Relapse

Question 94

A prescription medication that causes someone to experience severe nausea and sickness if mixed or ingested with alcohol.

Answer 94

Antabuse

Question 95

A diversion program for drug addicts in which a judge, prosecutor, and probation officer play proactive roles and monitor the progress of clients through weekly visits to a courtroom, using a process of graduated sanctions.

Answer 95

Drug Courts

Question 96

Residential community facilities specifically targeted to drug-addict and alcoholic offenders and/or drug addicts amenable to treatment.

Answer 96

Therapeutic Communities

Question 97

The combined total of successful program completers and active program enrollees compared to the total number admitted to drug court.

Answer 97

Retention Rates

Question 98

A diversion program for mentally ill defendants in which a judge, prosecutor, and probation officer play proactive roles and monitor the progress of clients through weekly visits to a courtroom.

Answer 98

Mental Health Courts

Question 99

A device that measures erectile responses in male sex offenders to determine level of sexual arousal to various types of stimuli. This device is used for assessment and treatment purposes.

Answer 99

Penile Plethorasysmoraphy

Question 100

A condition of probation or parole whereby the offender is not allowed within a certain range of places where children typically congregate such as schools, day care centers, and playgrounds.

Answer 100

Child Safety Zone