Mid-Term Chapters 1, 7, & 8

Question 1

A sample that is not truly representative of the the population from which it was drawn

Answer 1

Biased Sample

Question 2

A descriptive research method in which the researcher gathers detailed, qualitative information from a single individual

Answer 2

Case Study

Question 3

Those participants in an experiment who do not receive the level of the independent variable that is of primary interest to the searchers, but are used instead for comparison purposes

Answer 3

Control group

Question 4

In an experiment, any variable that exerts a measurable effect on the dependent variable without the knowledge of the experimenter. One whose values change systematically along with changes in the values of the independent variable.

Answer 4

Confounding Variable

Question 5

A method of study in which the researcher measures two or more variables as they already exist to see if there is an association between them

Answer 5

Correlational Research

Question 6

The variable being measured in an experiment to determine if the manipulation of the independent variable has had any effect

Answer 6

Dependent Variable

Question 7

When the purpose of a study, its procedures, and its potential value, are explained to a participant after his or her participation is complete.

Answer 7

Debriefing

Question 8

In an experiment, when both those running the experiment and the research participants are unaware of which level of the independent variable each participant is receiving and/or are unaware of the nature of the researchers’ hypothesis

Answer 8

Double-blind

Question 9

The idea that knowledge should be obtained through personal experience

Answer 9

Empirical

Question 10

A set of orderly rules for correct behavior, particularly within some specific discipline or workplace

Answer 10

Ethics

Question 11

Those participants in an experiment who receive the level of the independent variable whose effects on a dependent variable are of primary interest to the researchers

Answer 11

Experimental Group

Question 12

The degree to which research results may generalize to the world outside the laboratory

Answer 12

External Validity

Question 13

A specific, testable predictions about what will happen given certain circumstances

Answer 13

Hypothesis

Question 14

The variable being manipulated in an experiment to determine possible effects on a dependent variable. “Free” to take on any values the investigator decides to give it

Answer 14

Independent Variable

Question 15

When those participating in a research study have a thorough understanding of the study’s potential risks and benefits. Cornerstone of the ethical conduct of research involving human beings

Answer 15

Informed Consent

Question 16

The values assigned by the experimenter to the independent variable

Answer 16

Levels of the independent variable

Question 17

A descriptive research method used to systematically observe “real life” behavior in a naturalistic setting

Answer 17

Naturalistic Observation

Question 18

A precise definition of a variable in terms that can be utilized for a research study

Answer 18

Operational Definition

Question 19

When each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions of the experiment

Answer 19

Random Assignment (to Conditions)

Question 20

When a research study is repeated by other researchers working independently. May be exact, following the procedures of the original study to the letter, or they may be conceptual-repeating the essence of the study but using somewhat different procedures, variables, or operational definitions

Answer 20

Replication

Question 21

Individual items that are grouped together in memory because they are meaningfully associated with one another (but only weakly related or unrelated to items in others)

Answer 21

Chunks

Question 22

When retrieval of a memory is enhanced in contexts that were similar to the one that existed when the memory was encoded

Answer 22

Context-Dependent Memory

Question 23

Mentally encoding information into long-term memory in a way that is personally meaningful and associates the new information that already exists in long-term memory

Answer 23

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 24

The memory process of “translating” sensory impressions into meaningful perceptions that may then be stored as memory

Answer 24

Encoding

Question 25

Memories acquired through personal experience. One subtype of explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 25

Episodic Memory

Question 26

Conscious memories for personal experiences (episodic memory) or facts about the world (semantic memory)

Answer 26

explicit memory

Question 27

Memory of an event that did not actually occur. In some cases, blatantly inaccurate recollection of details of an event that did occur

Answer 27

False Memory

Question 28

A memory that affects how we behave without our conscious awareness of the memory itself

Answer 28

Implicit Memory

Question 29

The deepest level of encoding of information-a theoretically limited memory stored that contains memories for facts, autobiographical events, and learned skills.

Answer 29

Long-term memory

Question 30

Actively repeating or thinking about information so that it remains in short-term memory

Answer 30

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 31

From the cognition perspective, it involves the encoding, storage, and and retrieval of information. Learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons

Answer 31

Memory

Question 32

The amount of information that an be held in a memory stored at on time.

Answer 32

Memory Span

Question 33

Implicit memory for skills involving motor coordination.

Answer 33

Procedural Memory

Question 34

Recognizing or recalling something from the long-term memory

Answer 34

Retrieval

Question 35

Any hint or association that helps one retrieve a long-term memory

Answer 35

Retrieval Cue

Question 36

Memory for facts one has learned, as opposed to personal experiences.

Answer 36

Semantic memory

Question 37

Memory encoded according to the meaning of the stimulus

Answer 37

Semantic Encoding

Question 38

The memory stage that briefly stores large amounts of fleeting sensory impressions. Composed of iconic (visual) store and echoic (auditory) store

Answer 38

Sensory Memory

Question 39

Memory stored used for attending to information in the short term. Limited in the length of time the memory can remain active- no longer than about 20 seconds. Limits the amount of information that can be stored.

Answer 39

Short-term memory

Question 40

When retrieval of memory is enhanced by internal states such as mood or drug effects that we're present when the memory was encoded

Answer 40

State-dependent memory

Question 41

"What happens" in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed "online"

Answer 41

Working Memory

Question 42

When the research participants are unaware of which level of the independent variable they have received and/or are unaware of the nature of the researcher's hypothesis

Answer 42

Blind Control

Question 43

1. Random assignment to conditions 2. Use of control conditions 3. Control over confounding variables

Answer 43

Conditions of Independent Variable

Question 44

Encode, storage, and retrieval

Answer 44

Levels of Processing Memory

Question 45

Changes in an organism's knowledge or behavior that result from the association of two or more events or stimuli, or of a stimulus and a response.

Answer 45

Associative Learning

Question 46

A type of associative learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Occurs when an innate response known as the unconditioned response is triggered by a neutral stimulus as a result of repeated parings of the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. The UCS is a stimulus that would naturally trigger the reflexive response without a conditioning procedure

Answer 46

Classical Conditioning

Question 47

In classical conditioning, the innate unconditioned response after it has come to be elicited by the a neutral stimulus

Answer 47

Conditioned Response

Question 48

In classical conditioning, originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the innate, UCR after conditioning

Answer 48

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 49

When one neutral stimulus produces a conditioned response, but another similar neutral stimulus does not

Answer 49

Discrimination

Question 50

When a learned behavior ceases to be performed. when the CS occurs repeated without being paired with the UCS

Answer 50

Extinction

Question 51

When an animal displays a CR to a neutral stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the CS

Answer 51

Generalization

Question 52

Simple type of nonassociative learning that occurs when a stimulus comes to elicit decreasing response from an organism as a result of the organism's repeated exposure to the stimulus over time

Answer 52

Habituation

Question 53

A fundamental way that organisms change. Involves relatively enduring change in knowledge and/or behavior resulting from specific experiences

Answer 53

Learning

Question 54

When the consequence of a behavior is the removal of something reinforcing, generally something rewarding

Answer 54

Negative Punishment

Question 55

When a behavior is reinforce through the removal of something that decreases the likelihood of the behavior. Something aversive or unpleasant that is removed in negative reinforcement

Answer 55

Negative Reinforcement

Question 56

Any behavior of an organism that produces a consequence that is either reinforcing or punishing.

Answer 56

Operant Behavior

Question 57

The apparatus B. F. Skinner designed to study operant learning in rats. Includes a container of food pellets in a container mounted to the outside of the cage, designed so that the pellets will be delivered to the rat when the rat presses down on a lever near its food tray. The cage is placed within a sound-proof, temperature controlled, ventilated chamber.

Answer 57

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Question 58

A form of conditioning in which the consequences of a behavior affect the probability that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

Answer 58

Operant learning

Question 59

When a behavior is reinforced periodically rather than continuously.

Answer 59

Partial Reinforcement

Question 60

When a behavior is reinforced through the addition or presentation of something that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Answer 60

Positive Reinforcement

Question 61

When the consequence of a behavior decreases the likelihood that it will continue or be repeated in the future

Answer 61

Punishment

Question 62

when the consequence of a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue or be repeated in the future

Answer 62

Reinforcement

Question 63

A simple type of nonassociative learning that occurs when a stimulus comes to elicit increased response from an organism as a result of the organism's repeated exposure to the stimulus over time.

Answer 63

Sensitization

Question 64

When an extinguished behavior reemerges (but in a somewhat weaker from) after the organism has rested from exposure to the classically conditioned stimulus.

Answer 64

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 65

The innate or otherwise reflexive response triggered without conditioning by an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 65

Unconditioned Response

Question 66

The stimulus that naturally triggers the innate response (UCR)

Answer 66

Unconditioned Stimulus