Mid Term Exam Flashcards
(44 cards)
used to explain the human communication process
Models of Communication
Known as the mother of all communication models
Shannon-Weaver Model
Depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five elements:
a source (producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into signals); a channel (signals adapted for transmission); a receiver (decoder of the message from the signal); and a destination
a process as it is continuous and constant
Communication
An interaction in which words are used to relay a message.
Verbal Communication
All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as nonverbal communication.
Non-Verbal Communication
Examples of nonverbal communication
stares
smiles
tone of voice
movements
manners of walking, standing and sitting
appearance
style of attire
attitude towards time and space
personality
gestures, and others
Who developed The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
by Bennett & Bennett (2004)
The individual does not recognize cultural differences.
Stage 1: Denial
The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high regard for the new one.
STAGE 2: Defense
Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences.
STAGE 3: Minimization
The individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviours and eventually in values.
STAGE 4: Acceptance
The individual is very open to the world views when accepting new perspectives
STAGE 5: Adaptation
Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
STAGE 6: Integration
Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicator
Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
Reflectiveness or mindfulness
Open-mindedness
Sensitivity
Adaptability
Ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking creatively) and systems-level thinking (or thinking how each one in a system or organization influences each other)
Politeness
Barriers/Difficulties to Intercultural Communication
Ethnocentrism
Stereotyping
Psychological barriers
Language barriers
Geographical distance
Conflicting values
“Stay away from foreigners. They can’t be trusted”
Prejudice
“Asians are bad drivers”
“All beggars are lazy”
“Rich people are heartless”
“Men are better at Math than women”
Negative Stereotyping
Refrain from showing bias when talking to someone by following the tips below.
Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a certain group.
Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and “man” to refer to a general group of people. To remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or rewrite a sentence to avoid using pronouns. The use of his/her is also acceptable.
Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly.
Be sensitive to the religious practices of others.
Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social class than you.
Example of biases/ insensitivity
AGE
“Grandma, your laboratory results will be sent to us through email. I will take care of it. I will not explain it to you anymore because you are already old and you might not understand.”
SOCIAL STATUS
“Manong, please take care of my new car. That is very expensive. You can’t afford it.”
Functions of Communication
Control
Social interaction
Motivation
Emotional expression
Information dissemination
Communication functions to convey information
Information dissemination
Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions
Emotional expression
Communication motivates or encourages people to live better
Motivation
