Mid Term Exam Flashcards

Question

Fertile Crescent

Answer 1

land between rivers

Answer 2

Present day Iraq Each city-state had its own government and gods, social hierarchies and jobs Had organized religion and politics

Answer 3

Domesticated wheat Flour, salt, water

Answer 4

Present-day West Bank Territory Built on an ancient Neolithic settlement Walls at least 13 feet in height and backed by a watchtower, 28 feet tall Biblical account of Joshua in Battle of Jericho (Joshua 5)

Answer 5

Present-day Turkey Population ~ 5,000 Lived in single-story structures with shared courtyards Residents jumped from rooftop to rooftop and entered through ceiling No streets, no open plazas, unbroken line of exterior walls Easy to defend

Answer 6

The arts flourished Sculptures, painting, textiles and pottery Clues about the culture of a people

Answer 7

Some up to 3 ft tall

Answer 8

Wedge shaped symbols; stylus on wet clay

Answer 9

Directions found in cuneiform on clay

Answer 10

An ascending structure built to honor the patron god of each city; a gateway from heaven to earth Located in Sumer Usually had shrine or temple at the top; symbol of wealth and prestige of rulers

Answer 11

Inaana/Ishtar (goddess of love and war, sexual reproduction) Man carrying food Lambs and ewes Natural world, water, plants

Answer 12

Organized system of agriculture Domesticated animals Permanent year-round settlements

Answer 13

Functional items More images of humans Ornamentation Art in fixed locations

Answer 14

Relies on other objects found on site

Answer 15

Determines a more precise span of calendar years Radiometric, potassium, thermoluminescence, electron spin

Answer 16

Weaving, architecture, megaliths and pictographs Statuary, painting, pottery “Mother goddess” figures / female fertility Rock art Geometric forms, schematic images Ceremonial and tomb architecture Megalithic Religious beliefs Engineering feats Post and Lintel

Answer 17

Abstract, graphic symbols

Answer 18

Mega (large), Lithic (stone)

Answer 19

Rock art Chad, Africa

Answer 20

Salisbury Plain, England 330 ft. in diameter Heel stone is 35 tons, 16 ft tall Brought from 20 - 150 miles away

Answer 21

Circle of stones or posts

Answer 22

Trundholm Chariot Denmark

Answer 23

Representation of individual, served as stand-in at perpetual attention Simplified faces and bodies, widened eyes to show an attentive gaze Individualized and definitive features Limestone and alabaster

Answer 24

Written legal code Ancient upright stone monument

Answer 25

Relief shows Hammurabi and Shamash, the god of justice Rays radiate from shoulders, rod in hand, rope = symbols of power Laws of engagement, marriage, divorce, adultery, property, physical assault, domestic issues, childcare Not entirely far; men favored over women, wealthy had more rights than poor Most laws written with “...put to death” at the end

Answer 26

City had mudbrick walls Limestone and alabaster Lamassu at entry Capital of Kalhu during the reign of Assurnasirpal II

Answer 27

Alabaster relief Based on “actual” (staged) event Political propaganda

Answer 28

Home of Sargon II (Assyrian ruler)

Answer 29

Assurbanipal was King of Assyrians Capital at Niveveh Mom or wife?

Answer 30

Notched walls for military defense

Answer 31

Darius I ruled 521-486 BC Darium - “great king, king of kings, king of countries, king of all this earth” Established system of currency, building programs Built palace Animal themes

Answer 32

Lions Attacking Bulls Xerxes was son of Darius

Answer 33

Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute

Answer 34

(Coins) Helps with relative dating

Answer 35

Longest river in Egypt Would overflow to create a fertile habitat

Answer 36

Dominated by religious beliefs Temples and pyramids built to please the gods/goddesses

Answer 37

Valued order and harmony Followed well-established conventions and mathematical formulas

Answer 38

Goddess of sun and water

Answer 39

God of air, storm and sun

Answer 40

God of the Earth Son of Shu

Answer 41

Goddess of the sky Daughter of Shu

Answer 42

Another sun god

Answer 43

Goddess of motherhood and birth Human face with cow ears

Answer 44

Life-force or spirit after death

Answer 45

Humans, hybrid animal/humans Ankh Representative of eternal like in Ancient Egypt

Answer 46

The key of life or the key of the Nile

Answer 47

Considered gods in human forms Join Ra at death Divine kingship from gods and goddesses

Answer 48

relative size = importance

Answer 49

Grinding eye paint

Answer 50

Egyptian writing

Answer 51

Symbolized unification of Egypt Hieroglyphics Narmer name at the top (nar - fish, mer - chiesel Protected by Hathor

Answer 52

Front Narmer wearing bull/lion tail strikes enemy Norus is falcon/human hand Head & papyrus = lower Egypt Bodies of enemies below Back Narmer is largest Conquered enemies on right Serpopard: mythical creature made of serpent and leopard Narmer as a bull is shown trampling an enemy at the bottom

Answer 53

Egyptian funerary text To assist the dead to the afterlife Scribe Hunefer’s heart being weighed against the feather of truth If heart = featherweight, he can pass into the underworld

Answer 54

Things and organs needed in the afterlife

Answer 55

Social & political stability Big tombs = importance Square base, sloping sides Kings can climb to join Ra Huge labor force Each stone 2.5 tons on average Had to be absolutely level Limestone Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure

Answer 56

Limestone Depicts Khafre (king) Body is lion

Answer 57

Menakure and Queen Mom or wife? Anorthosite gneiss Motion, walking, athletic bodies

Answer 58

Pepy II and Mother Alabaster Pepy II became king as a young child, so his mother was actually the one in power until he came of age

Answer 59

Limestone Scribe Slightly flabby body = no physical labor

Answer 60

Copied manuscripts Well educated, well regarded, well paid

Answer 61

Granite Devotional pose (hands down) Emotional presence (furrowed brow, expression) Large ears (listener)

Answer 62

Gold, lapis, turquoise, garnet Very elaborate dressing ritual Chest ornament Found in daughter’s tomb 2 Horus falcons, 2 cobras, 2 Ankhs, Scarab beetle (sun) Cartouche Red dot: symbol for Ra “May the sun god give eternal life to Senusret III”

Answer 63

Oval with name & title of ruler

Answer 64

Faience Discovered in tomb (hippos were popular subject matter for burials) Lotus blossoms painted on side Meant for protection (hippos most dangerous animal)

Answer 65

Limestone Placed in tomb upon death Table loaded with food! Green necklace = family Lion-leg bench Wife, son, Amenemhat, Hapi

Answer 66

Limestone Lifesize Female ruler Depicted in a “male” pose (hands down, kilt, headdress, bulls tail) She sometimes wore fake beard, but is always shown as female figure

Answer 67

Sandstone Big change in religion for Egypt: polytheistic to monotheistic Aten/Aton Change in figure

Answer 68

Sun disk/solar disk

Answer 69

Limestone Akhenaten and Nefertiti (queen) Sun disk with ray “hands” (some are holding Ankh symbols) Children in lap Lotus and Papyrus under Queen (unification) Children have shaved heads, except oldest on lap who wears a “side lock” ; one patch of hair left to grow and braid Humanized portrait

Answer 70

Death Mask Wood covered in gold Sarcophagus Discovered in 1922 Tutankhamun was 9 when he became King; 18 when he died Crook and flail, symbols of the king’s right to rule

Answer 71

Allegedly those who explored King Tut’s tomb mysteriously died shortly after

Answer 72

Greece 3 cultures flourished in Aegean Region Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Bronze Age Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey based on this area

Answer 73

Thriving culture (farming, crafts, active trade) Naxos and Paro Islands

Answer 74

Marble Often found on graves Not intended to stand upright Mostly female figures Originally painted Arms folded, head raised Various interpretations of purpose (idol, fertility, burial?)

Answer 75

Marble One of the first sculptures intended to be viewed in the round Unknown purpose, likely not funerary with its generalized features

Answer 76

Fresco Fluid, active figure (not rigid) Views of nature, landscapes Picking saffron crocus (yellow dye; used for seasoning, menstrual cramps) Found in residence; room for female initiation rites Figure is young woman; head shaved but fringe and ponytail at the top (hair growing out = transition from child to woman)

Answer 77

Fresco Popular subject matter Leaping over a bull (ritual, sport, initiation?) “Flying gallop” pose Bull leaping still practiced in some areas today, cow is used instead

Answer 78

Faience Popular subject matter Associated with water, regenerative power, protection of the home Fertility, worship protection? Earth mother? Leopard or cat on head

Answer 79

Black steatite, jasper, mother-of-pearl Popular subject matter Horns are wood covered in gold Hole behind ears, hole in mouth Patterning on top, face

Answer 80

Ritual vessel used for pouring liquids

Answer 81

Gold Home of Agamemnon: commander-in-chief of the Greek forces against Troy Death mask, funerary process

Answer 82

Woman on left/arm on head = pose of mourning/emotional Repetition creates rhythm and unity, through sound and visually Men are unemotional

Answer 83

Bowl for mixing water and wine; sometimes used as a grave marker

Answer 84

Greek customs, institutions, and ideas still surround us “Level of perfection”: always seeking new techniques Knowing Greek history & religion = understanding Greek art

Answer 85

Creation of the World: earth gods (Titans) vs. sky gods Sky gods won; lived on Mt. Olympus Gods were immortal and had supernatural powers They were susceptible to weakness, emotions, and failures

Answer 86

Sacred home to Apollo Zeus released two eagles from opposite ends of the earth and they met exactly at that site

Answer 87

Place or person Operates as a portal for the gods to speak

Answer 88

Geometric Period Orientalizing Period Archaic Period Classical Period (Early Classical, High Classical, Late Classical)

Answer 89

Linear motifs, spirals, diamonds, cross hatching Large funerary vases; used as grave markers

Answer 90

Large Greek vessel

Answer 91

Terracotta Used as a grave marker Body is shown within the top register Bodies have hands on head as sign of mourning Procession with chariot and soldiers on bottom register Geometric forms dominate composition

Answer 92

Egyptian - afterworld Greek - emotions of mourners; no afterlife

Answer 93

Bronze Centaurs had dual personalities (good and bad); antithesis of civilized man Man has stabbed centaur Simple geometric shapes

Answer 94

Influence from Egypt, Asia Minor, and Near East Moving away from geometric style Real and imaginary animals, abstract plant forms, human figures Black figure slip pottery style: figures are painted with a slip that, when fired, turns black

Answer 95

Functional Boars, lions, hyena, bunny, hybrid creatures Plants

Answer 96

Lion fighting a boar (shoulder of vase) Blinding of Polyphemus (top) Homer’s Odyssey 3 men blinding cyclops Polyphemus Odysseus is portrayed in white/outline Both stories deal with Hubris: pride and arrogance that angers the gods Decapitated Medusa, two sisters (Gorgons) and Athena (base)

Answer 97

Arts develop rapidly Building of temples and shrines Doric and ionic orders will develop (architecture)

Answer 98

Square, simple

Answer 99

Volutes or scrolls, more elaborate

Answer 100

Top part of the column

Answer 101

Limestone, terracotta Doric columns Entasis Olympic flame lit here Hera Pediment Medusa - eyes are emphasized Perseus beheaded Medusa looking at her through his shield Pegasus on the left, Chrysaor on right (children of Medusa, born from the blood from her neck when she was killed by Perseus)

Answer 102

Gentle swelling of columns

Answer 103

Wife of Zeus; goddess of marriage

Answer 104

Triangle area of temple

Answer 105

Snake-haired winged female; a gorgon (monsters with wings) Could turn humans into stone by looking at them

Answer 106

Located at Delphi Small temple No columns Caryatids Lavish offerings for gods, goddesses, and priests Battle Between the Gods and the Giants/Titans; Detail of frieze at treasury of Siphnians

Answer 107

Columns that look like women

Answer 108

Marble Temple dedicated to Aphaia Pediment area contained narratives of Greeks fighting the Trojans Fallen Warriors at the Temple of Aphaia

Answer 109

Marble Kuros Often used as grave markers Gods, warriors, athletes Nearly always nude (male) females (Kore) are clothed Archaic Smile

Answer 110

Greek for young man

Answer 111

Greek for young woman

Answer 112

Slight emotional presence in the face

Answer 113

Marble More life-like/accurate than original Kouros Greater anatomical accuracy Grave of war hero

Answer 114

Marble Kore Depict deities, priestesses or nymphs Traces of red paint remain Figure holds pomegranate in her hand (symbol of Persephone/Proserpina, who was abducted by Hades)

Answer 115

Marble Greater anatomical likeness Missing an arm

Answer 116

Greek garment

Answer 117

Based on humanism, rationalism, and idealism

Answer 118

Glorification of humanity, achievements, body

Answer 119

Interest in exploring motivations & emotions

Answer 120

Balance, order, harmony, perfection in all areas

Answer 121

Ideal set of proportions for the human body

Answer 122

Roman copy of Greek bronze or original Polykleitos (Sculpture)

Answer 123

Persians invaded Greece; war ensued Greeks won Pheidippides ran from Marathon, Greece to Athens, Greece (26.2 miles) Yelled “Nike!” and died from exhaustion

Answer 124

West Pediment Apollo is helping the Lapiths (clan) battle the Centaurs Centaurs drank too much wine at a Lapith wedding and began abducting the Lapith women Apollo calms the scene by raising his arm (reason over passion/rationalism)

Answer 125

One of the 12 labors of Herakles Herakles is holding up the sky while Atlas retrieves the golden apples Athena was Herkakles’ patron saint

Answer 126

Marble Contrapposto Greater likeness

Answer 127

Counterpose Body is shown in S-shaped curve Weight distributed to one side of the body

Answer 128

Lifesize Originally had a chariot and a horses Was buried in an earthquake Typical outfit: tunic, belted above the waist Only a few bronze pieces remain; most were plundered and melted

Answer 129

Lifesize Bronze

Answer 130

Lifesize Bronze Myron (sculptor) Idealism, The Canon

Answer 131

Perikles Acro - high; polis - city Devoted to Athena, city patron’s saint and protector Pheidias: sculptor and architect of Acropolis 22,000 tons of marble transported 10 miles Erechtheion, Parthenon, Propylaea, Temple of Athena Nike

Answer 132

Dominant leader of Athenian politics and culture

Answer 133

Smaller Ionic temple

Answer 134

The gateway, not a temple Doric

Answer 135

Marble The main temple dedicated to Athena Harmony, balance, perfection The Golden Mean/Golden Ratio Inside was a tall statue of Athena by Phidias Doric

Answer 136

Marble East: Athena springs from the head of Zeus West: Athena wins contest against Poseidon to rule Athens

Answer 137

Ivory, gold, silver Head of Medusa on chest State of Athena Nike in hand (6 ft tall)

Answer 138

Marble Temple; multiple functions Stands on site of mythical battle between Athena and Poseidon Poseidon gave the city water, but Athena produced an olive tree, thus winning Columns and Caryatids Ionic capitals

Answer 139

Marble Praxiteles (sculptor) Hermes (mercury) Dionysos (bacchus), god of wine

Answer 140

Marble Praxiteles (sculptor) First to fully depict fully nude female

Answer 141

Marble (bronze originally) Lysippos (sculptor) Removing oil and sweat from body after athletic competition using a strigil (piece of bone or shell)

Mid Term Exam Flashcards

(168 cards)