Mid-Term Exam (part one)

Question 1

Bubonic plague epidemic that struck Europe between 1348 and 1350; preceded by overpopulation, crop failures, famine; symptoms included feeling sick, swollen lymph nodes, discarding blood, black extremities; came from Black Sea region via trade routes; spread by rats/fleas

Answer 1

The Black Death

Question 2

Depopulation, Agricultural effects, the ‘Statute of Laborers’, Peasant revolt of 1381, the ‘taille’, and Jacquerie were social and economic consequences of what?

Answer 2

Bubonic Plague

Question 3

Social group affected by the plague?

Answer 3

Aristocracy

Question 4

Aromatic Amulets, Moderation, sexual promiscuity, a doctor’s robe, leeching, lancing of bulbous, and self-flagellation are examples of what?

Answer 4

Popular remedies used against the Black Death.

Question 5

The European population was decreased by how much due to the Black Plague?

Answer 5

25%

Question 6

What did the Statute of Laborers accomplish?

Answer 6

Froze peasant wages and prevented them from leaving their master’s property.

Question 7

Traditional “containers” of monarchy in the Middle Ages were:

Answer 7

Aristocracy and Clergy

Question 8

1337-1453; conflict between France and England; caused by dynastic rivalry, proximity, Edward III’s vassalage, Flanders, Nationalism; resulted in French nationalism and centralization, English economy was revised, peasants taxed; lasted 116 years

Answer 8

The Hundred Years’ War

Question 9

Key players of the Hundred Years’ War were:

Answer 9

Edward III, Philip VI of Valois, John II, Henry V, Charles VII, Henry VI, Joan of Arc

Question 10

Characteristics of France pre-Hundred Years’ War:

Answer 10

Feudal Government, 16 million people, poor leadership

Question 11

1358; failed French peasant revolt, strengthened sense of nationalism; lead by Jacques Bonhomme/’Simple Jack’

Answer 11

The Jacquerie

Question 12

The French representative assembly consisting of townspeople, clergy, and nobles is known as what?

Answer 12

The Estates General

Question 13

Reasons for early French Failures in Hundred Years’ War:

Answer 13

very poor leadership, ineffective military and artillery

Question 14

Weapon used by English in the Hundred Years’ War:

Answer 14

long bow

Question 15

The Treaty of Troyes did what?

Answer 15

Disinherited the dauphin and made Henry VI ruler of England and France

Question 16

1431; resulted in a martyr for French nationalism

Answer 16

Execution of Joan of Arc

Question 17

What were the burdens felt by the social classes during the Hundred Years’ War?

Answer 17

Peasants had to pay for all of it.

Question 18

elaborated by Pope Innocent III (1198-12160); teaching that popes have power over all other bishops of the church; declared saints, disposed of benefices, created centralized papal monarchy with political mission.

Answer 18

Papal Plenitude of Power

Question 19

What was Pope Boniface VIII’s struggle with monarchial authority?

Answer 19

He tried to use his power for more secular purposes than spiritual; Philip the Fair wanted more power and opposed Boniface as much as possible.

Question 20

“Listen, My Son”; God has set popes over kings and kingdoms

Answer 20

Ausculta Fili

Question 21

1302; Temporal authority is ‘subject’ to spiritual power.

Answer 21

Unam Sanctum

Question 22

Who wrote ‘Defender of the Peace’ in 1324?

Answer 22

Marsilius of Padua

Question 23

1438; issued by Charles VII; established Gallican Liberties

Answer 23

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

Question 24

What are examples of the religious movements and assaults on the late medieval church?

Answer 24

John Wycliffe, John Huss

Question 25

accused of Donatism; followers knows as Lollards

Answer 25

John Wycliffe

Question 26

The residence of the church center in Avignon form 1309-1377 is known as what?

Answer 26

Babylonian Captivity

Question 27

1378-1417; Two popes at the same time (one for Avignon {Clement VII}, one for Rome {Urban VI}); England vs. France in Hundred Years' War; resulted in Council of Pisa, church supporting France instead of England

Answer 27

The Great Schism

Question 28

2 popes at once/needed to establish a new pope, became a "3-headed monster" (Alexander V)

Answer 28

Council of Pisa

Question 29

What was the practice where councils had control over the pope, and was ended by 'Exacrabilis' in 1460?

Answer 29

Conciliar Theory

Question 30

What is described as the "Gradual release of the full-whole nature of man", and defined as the rebirth of knowledge from the Classical time period?

Answer 30

The Renaissance

Question 31

What was the difference between Medieval and Renaissance Europe?

Answer 31

People realized they could question the status quo.

Question 32

Why was Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Answer 32

Roman Empire, Geography, Patrons, City-states

Question 33

What are the Italian cities that played a key role in trade between Europe and Near East?

Answer 33

Venice, Genoa, Pisa

Question 34

What were the results of the conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor?

Answer 34

Sack of Rome in 1527, beginning of end of cultured Italian renaissance

Question 35

What were the consequences of social strife and competition in Italian cities?

Answer 35

Despotism, Milan, Florence, Venice, Papal States, Naples

Question 36

What was the reaction of lower classes of Florence because of the Black Death known as?

Answer 36

Ciompi Revolt (1378)

Question 37

First despot of Florence; ruled from behind the scenes

Answer 37

Cosimo de Medici

Question 38

What were some of the professions of humanists?

Answer 38

orators, poets, secretaries, speechwriters, diplomats

Question 39

Father of Humanism; wrote 'Sonnets to Laura'

Answer 39

Francesco Petrarch

Question 40

The study of Latin and Greek classics as well as the ancient church with the hope of reviving ancient norms and values.

Answer 40

Humanism

Question 41

Wisdom eloquently spoken, knowledge of good, ability to inspire others to a desire

Answer 41

Civic Humanism

Question 42

Who wrote "Book of the Courtier" ?

Answer 42

Baldassare Castiglione

Question 43

Realism and Expression, perspective, classicism, individualism, geometrical arrangement, light and shadowing (chiaroscuro, sfumato) are characteristics of what?

Answer 43

Renaissance Art

Question 44

Father of Renaissance Art; introduced new stuff (transition period)

Answer 44

Giotto

Question 45

Who were the Masters of the High Renaissance?

Answer 45

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

Question 46

1452-1519; "L'uomo Universale", "Vitruvian Man", "Virgin of the Rocks", "Mona Lisa", "The Last Supper"

Answer 46

Leonardo da Vinci

Question 47

1475-1564; "David", "The Pieta", "Sistine Chapel" ("Last Judgment")

Answer 47

Michelangelo

Question 48

1483-1520; "Madonna" series, "School of Athens", "Liberation of St. Peter"

Answer 48

Raphael

Question 49

1454-1455; Balance of Power

Answer 49

Treaty of Lodi

Question 50

Sforza, Duke of Milan; Invited French to open "Pandora's Box"

Answer 50

Ludovico il Moro

Question 51

What was the result of the 1st French Invasion of Italy?

Answer 51

Charles VII got Naples, League of Venice

Question 52

What was the result of the 2nd French Invasion of Italy?

Answer 52

Pope Julius II established the Swiss guard, Holy League

Question 53

What was the result of the 3rd French Invasion of Italy?

Answer 53

Concordat of Bologna

Question 54

Anti-Borgia, warrior pope, established Swiss Guard

Answer 54

Pope Julius II

Question 55

Preserved Gallican Liberties (kept France Catholic), secured French annates (recognized pope's authority over church councils), ended 3rd French Invasion

Answer 55

Concordat of Bologna

Question 56

birth name Lorenzo de Medici; nationalist, humanist, republican; Virtú; "The ends justify the means"

Answer 56

Machiavelli, 'The Prince'

Question 57

What were some factors that led the transition from Feudal to National Monarchies?

Answer 57

Black Death, Hundred Years' War, Great Schism, 'King and town'

Question 58

Which groups were affected by taxations by 15th and 16th century monarchs?

Answer 58

Peasantry

Question 59

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Answer 59

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