Mid Term Terminology Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
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A scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
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Anatomy
2
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A scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
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Physiology
3
Q
Basic unit of all the plants and animals
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Cell
4
Q
A collection of cells with similar structure and function, and the substances between the cells
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Tissue
5
Q
The group of organs classified as a unit because of common function, or set of functions
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Organ system
6
Q
Any living thing
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Organism
7
Q
Some of the chemical changes that occur in tissues, consisting of the breakdown of molecules to produce energy and the buildup of molecules which require energy
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Metabolism
8
Q
The ability of an organism to sense a change in the external or internal environment, and adjust to those changes
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Responsiveness
9
Q
The acquisition of specialized structures and functions different from the original structure and function
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Differentiation
10
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Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body with respect to functions and the composition of fluids and tissues. The process by which we maintain stable internal environment.
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Homeostasis
11
Q
A normal range around which homeostatic variables are maintained
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Setpoint
12
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The processor regulates, most homeostatic variables, working to reduce the deviation from the setpoint
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Negative feedback
13
Q
The smallest particle into which an element can be divided using chemical methods. Composed of neurons, protons, and electrons.
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Atom
14
Q
Association between two atoms formed when the outmost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms
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Chemical bond
15
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Chemical bond resulting from the attraction between ions of opposite charge
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Ionic bond
16
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A chemical bond forms were two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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Covalent bond
17
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Two or more atoms, chemically combined to form the structure that behaves as an independent unit
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Molecule
18
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Separation of positive and negative ions when they dissolve in water and are surrounded by water molecules
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Dissociation
19
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Positive and negative ions that conduct, electricity and solution
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Electrolyte
20
Q
Processed by which atoms or molecules interact to form or brief chemical bonds
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Chemical reaction
21
Q
The energy currency of the cell
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ATP
22
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Substance taking part in a chemical reaction
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Reactants
23
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A substance produced in a chemical reaction
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Products
24
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State created by a chemical reaction proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed
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Equilibrium
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Any substance that is a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions
Acid
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A chemical that resists changes in pH, when either an acid, or a base is added to a solution containing the buffer
Buffers
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Protein molecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently, altered. And organic catalyst.
Enzyme
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An organic molecule made up of one or more monosaccharides, chemically bound together sugars, and starches
Carbohydrates
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Substance, composed principle of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Generally soluble and nonpolar solvent. Fats and cholesterol.
Lipid
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Large molecule, consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Proteins
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Major, consisting of many nucleotides chemically bound together. Dioxide ribbon, nucleic acid and ribbon nucleic acid.
Nucleic acid
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Specialized part of a cell performing one or more specific functions
Organelles
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Inside a cell
Intracellular
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Outside a cell
Extracellular
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Passive membrane transport. Movement is driven by the concentration gradient.
Diffusion
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Special name for diffusion of water across the selectively permeable membrane. Water moves by osmosis from an area of high concentration to an area of low water concentration
Osmosis
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Dissolve substance in a solution
Solute
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Liquid that holds another substance and solution
Solvent
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When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell, or even burst
Hypotonic
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When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves biosis out of the cell, and into the solution resulting and creation
Hypertonic
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Passive membrane transport. Driven by a concentration gradient. Does not require ATP. Requires carrier molecules. Glucose movement into most cells.
Facilitated diffusion
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Movement of sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient, is directly driven by the chemical energy from ATP
Active transport
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Movement of glucose against its concentration gradient is linked to the movement of sodium down its concentration gradient. The sodium gradient is established by active transport, and the use of ATP. The movement of glucose into cells of the small intestine.
Secondary active transport
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The formation of a vesicle and engulfing different contents to transport into the cell
Endocytosis
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Formations of vesicle, and the excretion of the contents of the surface
Exocytosis
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Formation of messenger, RNA from DNA
Transcription
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An mRNA sequence guides, the formation of a protein molecule
Translation
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Where are the information in the mRNA sequences carried. Groups of three nucleotides
Codon
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Development of specialized structures and function within cells. Selective activation and inactivation of segments of DNA. Many cell types were specific structures are required to contribute all the unique functions essential for our survival.
Differentiation
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Brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
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Part of the neurosystem, not surrounded by the skull or vertebral column. Consist of nerves and ganglia.
Peripheral nervous system
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One of the main cell types within the nervous system. Includes input, processing, and output.
Neuron
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Main process of a neuron. Usually conducts action potentials away from the neuron cell body.
Axon
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Short, Trilex cell processes of a neuron. Receives stimuli.
Dendrite
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Cellular and matrix barrier made up primarily of blood vessel, endothelium, with some help from the surrounding astrocytes. It allows some usually small substances to pass from the circulation into the brain, but does not allow other substances to pass.
Blood brain barrier
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Charge difference across the membrane of a resting cell
Resting membrane potential
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Value value of the membrane, potential at which an action potential is produced as a result of depolarization in response to a stimulus
Threshold
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To increase polarization of membranes of nerve or muscle cells
Hyperpolarized
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Automatic response to a stimulus. Does not require conscious thought.
Reflex
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Portion of the brain, consisting of the midbrain, ponds, and medulla oblongata
Brainstem
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Loose network of neurons cell bodies scattered throughout the brainstem. Involved in regulation of cycles, such as sleep week cycle.
Reticular formation
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Part of the brain, attached to the brainstem, important in maintaining muscle tone, balance, and coordination of movements
Cerebellum
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Important autonomically and endocrine control centre in the brain located beneath the thalamus
Hypothalamus
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Largest part of the brain, consisting of two hemispheres, and including the cortex, nerve tracks, and basal nuclei
Cerebrum
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Subdivision of the automatic nervous system with preganglionic nerve bodies, located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Generally involved in preparing the body for immediate physical activity.
Sympathetic
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Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system with pre-ganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral part of the spinal cord. Involved in involuntary functions, such as digestion, defecation, and urination
Parasympathetic
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A ductless gland, that secretes internally, usually into a circulatory system
Endocrine glands
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Protein molecule on the cell surface, or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factory, such as a drug, a hormone, an antigen, or neurotransmitter. One of the sensory nerve endings in the skin, deep tissues, Viscara, and special sensor organs.
Receptor
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Motherfucker
Receptor
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Ire, receptor molecule, such as hormone receptor, that is bound to the plasma membrane of the target cell
Membrane bound, receptor
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Point where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope come together to form a hole
Nuclear
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Important anatomical and endocrine control centre in the brain located beneath the fence
Hypothalamus
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System of vessels, in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second capillary network
Portal system
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Hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary gland that acts on the kidney to reduce urine output. Also called vasopressin.
Antidiuretic hormone
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Hormone, released from the cells of the thyroid gland, the axon tissues, especially bone, to cause decrease in blood levels of calcium ions
Calcitonin
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Hormone produced by the parathyroid gland. Increases bone breakdown and blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid hormone
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The inner part of the adrenal gland, which secretes mainly epinephrine but also small amounts of Norpinepurine
Adrenal medulla
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Hormone similar instruction to the norepinephrine major hormone released from the adrenal medulla. Increases cardiac output, and the blood glucose levels.
Epinephrine
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The outer part of the adrenal gland, which secretes the following steroid hormones. Glucose, Tord, mini cortisol. What the fuck
Adrenal cortex
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Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, facilitates potassium exchange for sodium in the distal, con, convoluted, tubule and collecting duct, causing sodium ion, reabsorption, and potassium and hydrogen ion secretion
Aldosterone
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The longed gland, extending from the duodenum to the spleen. Consist of a head, body, and a tail. There is no exocrine portion, which creates digestive enzymes, which are carried by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum, and pancreatic eyelids, which secrete insulin, and Glucagon
Pancreas
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Protein hormone, secreted from the pancreas, that increases the uptake of glucose and amino acids by most tissue
Insulin
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Hormone secreted from the pancreatic islets of the pancreas that acts primarily on the liver to release glucose into the circulatory system
Glucagon
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Outer part of an organ, such as the brain, kidney and adrenal gland, or hair
Cortex
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Centre center, or core, of an organ, such as the adrenal gland, kidney, or hair
Medulla
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Small artery in the renal cortex, that supplies blood to the glamorous
Afferent arteriole
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Vessel that carries blood from the glomus to the partibular capillaries
Efferent arteriol
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Mass of capillary loops at the beginning of each nephron, nearly surrounded by Bowman capsule
Glomerulus
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Convoluted portion of the nephron that extends from Bowmans capsule to the descending limb of the loop of Henle
Proximal tubule
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Convoluted tubule of the nephron that extends from the ascending limb of the loop of Henley, and ends in a collecting duct
Distal tube
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Enzyme, secreted by the kidney that convert the plasma, protein, angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Renin
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Hi, that created from the posterior pituitary gland that acts on the kidney to reduce urine output. Also called vasopressin.
Antidiuretic hormone
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A potent, Vaso constrictor, and it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Angiotensin two
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Protein found in the blood that gives rise to angiotensin one after Renon, and enzyme, secreted from the kidney, axe on it
Angiotensinogen
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Hormone released from cells in the atrial wall of the heart when style blood pressure is increased. Lowers blood pressure by increasing the rate of urine production.
Atrial natriuretic hormone
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A condition characterized by a lower, the normal blood pH
Acidosis
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Air condition characterized by a higher than normal blood peach
Alkalosis
