Mid Tri Exam Flashcards
(69 cards)
BASIC APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
Trait approach - Conceptualization of individual differences
Biological approach - genetics
Psychoanalytic approach - unconscious mind
Phenomenological approach - Conscious awareness and experience
Learning and cognitive Approaches - social learning theory
Funder Psychological triad
The three essential topics of psychology: how people think, how they feel, and how they behave
Trait approach
The theoretical view of personality that focuses on individual differences in personality and behaviour, and the psychological processes behind them.
Conceptualization of individual differences
Measurement of individual differences
Consequences of individual differences
Personality development
Personality change
Biological approach
The view of personality that focuses on the way behaviour and personality are influenced by neuroanatomy, biochemistry, genetics, and evolution.
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Genetics
- Evolution
Psychoanalytic approach
The theoretical view of personality, based on the writings of Sigmund Freud, that emphasises the unconscious processes of the mind.
Unconscious mind
Internal mental conflict
Phenomenological approach
The theoretical view of personality that emphasises experience, free will, and the meaning of life. Closely related to humanistic psychology and existentialism.
- Conscious awareness and experience
- Free will
- Humanistic psychology
- Cross-cultural psychology
Learning and cognitive Approaches
The theoretical view that focuses on how behaviour changes as a function of rewards and punishments; also called behaviourism.
- Behaviorism
- Social learning theory
- Cognitive personality psychology
basic approach (to personality)
A theoretical view of personality that focuses on some phenomena and ignores others. The basic approaches are trait, biological, psychoanalytic, phenomenological, learning, and cognitive (the last two being closely related).
Learning
In behaviourism, a change in behaviour as a result of experience.
Funder’s First Law
Great strengths are usually great weaknesses, and surprisingly often the opposite is true as well.
Funder’s Second Law
There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues and clues are always ambiguous
Funder’s Third Law
Something beats nothing, two times out of three
The Goals of Personality Psychology
Personality psychology’s unique mission is to address the psychological triad of thought, feeling, and behaviour, and to try to explain the functioning of whole individuals. This is an impossible mission, however, so different approaches to personality must limit themselves by emphasising different psychological topics.
Personality psychology can be organised into five basic approaches: trait, biological, psychoanalytic, phenomenological, and learning and cognitive processes. Each addresses certain aspects of human psychology quite well and ignores others. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are probably inseparable.
Pigeonholing Versus Appreciation of Individual Differences
Sometimes regarded as a field that seeks to pigeonhole people, personality psychology’s real mission is to appreciate the ways in which each individual is unique.
Humanistic psychology
the approach to personality that emphasises aspects of psychology that are distinctly human. Closely related to the phenomenological approach and existentialism
B.L.I.S
4 types of personality clues
B-data (Behavioural observations)
L-data (Life outcomes)
I-data (Informant’s reports)
S-data (Self-reports)
B-data - Behavioural observations (Natural B data)
The most visible indication of an individual’s personality is what they do
Real life, diary, experience-sampling, observations, lab
EAR: electronically activated recorder wearable cameras; ambulatory assessment
Social media
Highly realistic
Difficulty, time consuming, context dependent
L-data - Life outcomes
verifiable , concrete, real-life facts that may hold psychological significance
Obtained from archives & self report
The results of residue or personality: how a person has affected the world
Objective and verifiable; intrinsically important; psychologically relevant
Highly multi-determined
I data - informant reports
Judgements by knowledgeable informants about general attributes of the individuals personality
No training or expertise needed
Tied into reputation & behaviour
Large amounts of information; real-world basil takes context into account
Can be based on limited information; biassed by rater
S data - self report or judgement
A personas evaluation of their own personality
Usually questionnaires or rating scales
Self rating often match descriptions from others
High face validity
Easy to get; based on lots of information;. Definitional truth; casual force
Self presentation bias; error; too simple and too easy
Personality judgements
First impressions
Visible signs of personality
What influences our accuracy of personality judgements
Moderators
- Good judge
- Good target
- Goodtrait
- Good information
Reality accuracy model
Research Design
The plan one uses for gathering psychological data is the research design.
methods:
- Case
- Experimental
- Correlational
Case studies
examine particular phenomena or individuals in detail, and can be an important source of new ideas.
