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MID YEAR EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Health and Wellbeing?

A

Health and Wellbeing refers to an individuals physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual existence, which is characterized by an equilibrium in which the person is happy, healthy, capable, and engaged.

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2
Q

Why is health & human considered subjective?

A

Because it is viewed many different ways by many people. An athlete may priorities and view their physical health as more important rather than their social health & wellbeing

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3
Q

Why is health & human considered dynamic?

A

Which means it is constantly changing. Someone may have optimal physical Health and Wellbeing but if they were to suddenly break their leg, their physical health would deteriorate.

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4
Q

What is Illness?

A

Illness is a more subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease

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5
Q

What is Disease?

A

Disease is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, disfunction or tissue damage

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6
Q

What is Socioeconomic Status?

A

SES refers to a person’s position or rank in society based on three factors: Income, Occupation and level of education.

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7
Q

What is DALY?

A

DALY means disability adjusted life year and is a measure of burden of disease, one DALY is equal to one year lost due to Disability, disease or illness.

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8
Q

Burden of Disease

A

Measures the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically it measures the gap between the current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free from disease and disability.
Years of life lost YLL
+
Years lost due to disability YLD
= DALY Disability adjusted life years

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9
Q

Physical Health & Wellbeing

A

The functioning of the body and its systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily tasks and activities
- Healthy Body Weight
- Appropriate levels of fitness

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10
Q

Social Health & Wellbeing

A

The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
- Supportive Network of friends
- Supportive and well functioning family
- effective communication with others

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11
Q

Mental Health and Wellbeing

A

The current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information
- Positive thought patterns
- Low levels of stress and anxiety
- Positive self esteem

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12
Q

Emotional Health and Wellbeing

A

The ability to express feelings in a positive way. Emotional health is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience
- Recognise and understand the range of emotions

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13
Q

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing

A

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.
- A sense of belonging
- Peace and Harmony

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14
Q

Biological Factors

A

Relate to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function
- Body weight
- Blood Pressure
- Age

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15
Q

Sociocultural Factors

A

Relate to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age
- Socioeconomic Status (SES)
- Access to healthcare

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16
Q

Environmental Factors

A

Relate to the physical features that surround us. These can be natural features or those built by people
- Housing
- Work environment

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17
Q

Life Expectancy

A

An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates don’t change

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18
Q

Mortality

A

Deaths in a population

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19
Q

Mortality Rate

A

The measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one year period (usually per 100,000)

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20
Q

Morbidity

A

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or a group

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21
Q

Carbohydrates
- Function
- Source
- Link Health Status

A
  • Breaks down to glucose/sugar in the body and is our primary energy source
  • Bread, Rice, Pasta
  • Over consumption of Carbohydrates leads to an increase in Morbidity due to Obesity
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22
Q

Protein
- Function
- Source
- Link Health Status

A
  • Essential for growth and development + repairs and replaces body cells
  • Poultry, Fish, Eggs
  • An under consumption of Protein leads to a increase in Mortality from Kwashiorkor
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23
Q

Fibre
- Function
- Source
- Link Health Status

A
  • Is the rate of digestion of foods, the absorption of nutrients, and the movement of waste products
  • Wholegrain bread, Cereals, Rice
  • An under consumption of Fibre can lead to increased cholestrol levels, irregular bowel movement and colorectal cancer which increases both morbidity and mortality levels
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24
Q

Fats
- Function
- Source
- Link Health Status

A

a
- Protection of body organs and Insulates the body
4 Groups:
- Saturated Fats x
- Monounsaturated Fats +
- Polyunsaturated Fats +
- Trans Fats x
Good Fats: Avocado, Nuts
Bad Fats: Butter, Oil
- An over consumption of Fats can increase cholesterol levels leading to an increase in morbidity from Hypertension

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25
Calcium - Function - Source - Link Health Status
- Building of hard tissues including, Bone, Teeth, Cartilage - Dairy products, Milk, Cheese - An under consumption of calcium can lead to an individual increasing the chance of morbidity due to Osteoporosis, Osteoporosis is bones becoming brittle and fragile
26
Sodium - Function - Food Source - Link Health Status
- Plays a role in the regulation of fluids including water and blood - Table Salt, Olives, Fish - An over consumption of Sodium in the body can lead to a shorter life expectancy due to the increased risk of stroke.
27
Iron - Function - Food Source - Link Health Status
- Essential for blood, Iron forms the haem part of Haemoglobin - Red Meat, Eggs, Brown Rice - The under consumption of Iron in the body can result in an increase in morbidity from anaemia, anaemia causes tiredness and weakness.
28
Long term consequence of too much Sugar
Long Term: - Increase in mouth bacteria - Increase in tooth decay - Increase in Dental Caries
29
Long term and short term consequence of too much Fats
Short Term: - Increase in cholesterol levels Long Term: - The build up of LDL, narrows blood vessels and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes
30
Long term consequence of not enough Iron
Long Term: - If an individual doesn't consume enough iron anaemia can occur. Anaemia causes tiredness and weakness and may also lead to withdrawal from activities
31
Long term consequence of too much Sodium
Long Term: - Excessive sodium in the diet can lead to hypertension - Long term hypertension increases the risk of stroke and heart attack
32
Long term and short term consequence of not enough Soluble Fibre
Short Term: - Soluble fibre allows more water to remain in stool, making waste softer and easier to pass - If not enough soluble fibre constipation can occur
33
Long term consequence of not enough Calcium
Long Term: - Weaker, brittle, fragile bones - Osteoporosis
34
How can the Sociocultural factor Family, be an enabler and barrier to healthy eating?
Enabler: - Role modelling (If parents always eat breakfast kids will observe that and mirror it) Barrier: - Food shopping
35
How can the Sociocultural factor Peer group, be an enabler and barrier to healthy eating?
Enabler: - Friends are more likely to consume similar foods when out together so if they are choosing healthy food options you might to Barrier: - Peers may encourage the ideal thin body shape and pressure other teens to skip meals
36
How can the Sociocultural factor income, be an enabler and barrier to healthy eating?
Enabler: - Organic and more healthy foods can be purchased by those with a high income meaning that they have less of a reason to chose cheap unhealthy food Barrier: - Energy dense processed foods are often less expensive than nutritious fresh food and therefore can become the food of choice for those with low income
37
How can the Sociocultural factor education, be an enabler and barrier to healthy eating?
Enabler: Many studies have confirmed that people with higher levels of education are more likely to choose healthier lifestyles, this is also because higher education levels generally lead to higher income jobs increasing money to spend on nutritious foods Barrier: Lower levels of education can be seen as a barrier because they haven't been educated and don't understand importance of consuming a healthy diet
38
Strengths and Limitations of the AGHE
Strengths: - Visually easy to read for most literacy levels - Encourages consumption from all five food groups and limits discretionary (junk) foods. - Aims to reduce risk of chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Limitations: - Doesn’t clearly show specific portion sizes, which may cause confusion. - May not meet the needs of individuals with specific health conditions or dietary requirements.
39
Strengths and Limitations of the Food star rating system
Strengths: - Provides an easy-to-understand star rating (from 0.5 to 5 stars) on packaged foods. - Helps consumers compare similar products and choose healthier options within categories. - Backed by Australian government and public health organizations, increasing its credibility. Limitations: - Not all food manufacturers use it, which limits its usefulness across all products. - Doesn’t include fresh whole foods like fruits, vegetables, or meats unless packaged, which may mislead people into prioritising packaged foods.
40
What is Medicare?
Medicare is Australia's universal health insurance scheme, which gives all Australians, permanent residents and people from other countries access to healthcare at a subsided cost.
41
Services Covered by Medicare: In and Out of Hospital Expenses
In Hospital Expenses: - Emergency Treatment - Surgeries - Pregnancy, Birth and after birth - Medication given in hospital Out of Hospital Expenses: - GP appointments - X - Rays - Blood Tests - MRI's
42
Schedule Fee
Schedule Fee: Medicare sets an amount that they will contribute to each health service, this is the amount that is seen as reasonable for that particular service
43
Patient Co Payment
Patient Co-Payment: If a doctor or specialist charges more than the schedule fee, the patient is responsible for paying the difference, which is known as the patient co-payment
44
Bulk Billing
Bulk Billing: If the doctor does not charge above the scheduled fee, the patient does not have any out of pocket expenses, and is said to be bulk billed.
45
Services Not Covered by Medicare
- Medication - Dental - Home Nursing care - Ambulance Service
46
How is Medicare Funded? Medicare Levy
Medicare Levy: - An additional 2% tax paid by most tax payers - Those with low incomes exempt from paying Medicare levy
47
How is Medicare funded? Medicare Levy Surcharge
Medicare Levy Surcharge: - People without private health insurance and earn over a certain amount (90,000 for individuals, $180,000 for couples/families) pay an extra 1-1.5% of their income towards Medicare
48
How is Medicare funded? General Taxation
General Taxation: - General taxes collected by the federal government help with the running costs of Medicare
49
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
- The PBS provides essential medicines to people who need them, regardless of their ability to pay - Administered by the federal government - Over 5000 medicines listed on the PBS
50
Private Health Insurance
- Private Health Insurance (PHI) is when members pay a premium (fee) in return for payment towards health-related services not covered by Medicare. - Members can choose to pay for their level of coverage. The higher the premium, the higher the level of coverage received by the insurance company
51
PHI Hospital Cover
- Treatment and accommodation in a private hospital - Theatre fees - Anaesthetist fees - Medications
52
PHI Extras Cover
- Dental - Physiotherapy - Chiropractor
53
PHI Fees
- Private hospitals usually charge more than the Medicare schedule fee for services - A private health insurance company may cover the rest of the charges, or, the patient may have to pay the remainder of the costs, known as ‘the gap’.
54
Why are there PHI Incentives?
- The federal government has introduced a number of incentives to encourage Australians to take out PHI - By more Australians taking out private health insurance, less pressure is placed on the public health system
55
Incentive: PHI Rebate
Individual income Rebate < $90 000 25% $90 001 - $105 000 17% $105 001 - $140 000 8% > $140 000 0% - The rebate is income tested, therefore the more money an individual or family earn, the smaller the rebate received
56
Incentive: Lifetime Health Cover
- People who get private health after their 31st birthday have to pay an extra 2% recurring every year after their birthday in order to get PHI - This encourages young people to get PHI before their 30 in order to not have to pay extra
57
Incentive: Medicare Levy Surcharge
People who earn over $90 000 a year as individuals, or $180 000 for families and do not have private health insurance pay an extra 1 - 1.5% tax called the Medicare Levy Surcharge
58
Incentive: Age-Based Discount
- Introduced in 2019 by the AUS government - Insurers can offer young people aged 18-29 a discount of up to 10% for hospital cover.
59
Biomedical Model
- The biomedical approach to health, sometimes referred to as the 'Bandaid' or 'quick fix' approach, focuses on the Physical or Biological aspects of disease and illness - It involves diagnosing the disease or illness and then treating the illnesses and conditions once symptoms are present
60
Ottawa Charter For Health Promotion Action Areas
- Build Healthy Public Policy - Create Supportive Environments - Strengthen Community Action - Develop Personal skills - Reorient Health services
61
Building Healthy Public Policy
- Relates directly to the decisions made by government and organisations in making laws, rules and policies that affect health E.g - Banning smoking in public areas - wearing a seatbelt
62
Create Supportive Environments
- A supportive environment will promote health by helping people practice healthy behaviors E.g - Walking and Bicycle tracks to promote physical activity - shade sails over playground areas
63
Strengthen Community Action
- Focuses on building links between the individual and community centers around the community working together towards a common goal E.g - Australian government immunizations strategy
64
Develop Personal Skills
- Is about education, education refers to gaining health knowledge and acquiring life skills that empower people to make informed decisions that impact their health E.g - TV commercials that educate on UV exposure, Drink driving and smoking
65
Reorient Health Services
- Reorienting health services refers to reorienting the health system so that it promotes health rather than just treats and diagnoses illnesses (biomedical model) E.g - A doctor prescribing physical activity to prevent type 2 diabetes

Health & Human (3 decks)

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