Middle adulthood

Question 1

According to Jung, midlife is the afternoon of life and it serves as an important preparation for late adulthood,

Answer 1

“the evening of life”.

Question 2

Today, the percentages of people at different ages in the life span are more similar, creating what is called the “___________” of the age distribution (a vertical rectangle).

Answer 2

rectangularization

Question 3

the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age

Answer 3

Middle Adulthood

Question 4

It is the age period in which gains (growth) and losses (decline) as well as biological and sociocultural factors balance each other

Answer 4

Middle Adulthood

Question 5

A ______ period because it is a time of
balancing growth and decline, linking earlier and later periods of development, and connecting younger and older generations

Answer 5

pivotal

Question 6

The most visible signs of physical changes in middle adulthood involve _______.

Answer 6

physical appearance

Question 7

Visible signs in physical appearance are:

Answer 7

wrinkles
hair becomes thin and gray
distraction of nails

Question 8

age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

Answer 8

Sacropenia

Question 9

-the ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina-experiences its sharpest decline between 40 and 59 years of age

Answer 9

Accommodation of the eye

Question 10

a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance.

Answer 10

Metabolic Syndrome

Question 11

disorders that are characterized by slow onset and long duration. They are rare in early adulthood, increase during middle adulthood, and become common in late adulthood.

Answer 11

Chronic disorder

Question 12

stress hormones; the link between stress and disease. Elevated _ levels are linked to physical health problems.

Answer 12

Cortisol

Question 13

Having a sense of ______ in middle age is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood.

Answer 13

Control

Question 14

main causes of death for individuals in middle adulthood.

Answer 14

Chronic Diseases

Question 15

the midlife transition during which fertility declines (both men and women).

Answer 15

Climacteric

Question 16

cessation of a woman’s menstrual periods, usually during the late forties or early fifties.

Answer 16

Menopause

Question 17

a girl’s first menstruation

Answer 17

Menarche

Question 18

the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all.
~usually occurs during the forties but can occur in the thirties.

Answer 18

Perimenopause

Question 19

a condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone.

Answer 19

Male Hypogonadism

Question 20

the inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection to attain satisfactory sexual performance.

Answer 20

Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

Question 21

accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle adulthood.

Answer 21

Crystallized Intelligence

Question 22

the ability to reason abstractly, which begins to decline from middle adulthood onward

Answer 22

Fluid Intelligence

Question 23

If we find differences between 40- and 60-
year-olds on intelligence tests when they are assessed ___________, these differences might be due to cohort effects related to educational differences rather than to age.

Answer 23

cross-sectionally

Question 24

It involves extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during adulthood was initiated by K. Warner Schaei.

Answer 24

The Seattle longitudinal study

Question 25

The main mental abilities tested in this study are:

Answer 25

Verbal comprehension Verbal memory Numeric facility Spatial orientation Inductive reasoning Perceptual speed

Question 26

ability to understand ideas expressed in words.

Answer 26

Verbal Comprehension

Question 27

ability to encode and recall meaningful language units, such as a list of words.

Answer 27

Verbal Memory

Question 28

ability to perform simple mathematical computations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

Answer 28

Numeric Facility

Question 29

ability to visualize and mentally rotate stimuli in two- and three-dimensional space

Answer 29

Spatial Orientation

Question 30

ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and to use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem.

Answer 30

Inductive Reasoning

Question 31

ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli.

Answer 31

Perceptual Speed

Question 32

middle age was a time of peak performance for some aspects of both crystallized intelligence (_____) and fluid intelligence (________).

Answer 32

verbal ability & spatial orientation and inductive reasoning

Question 33

Perceptual speed begins declining in early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood. → A current interest focuses on possible causes for the decline in speed of processing information in adults.

Answer 33

Speed of information processing

Question 34

Speed of memory processing occur at different levels of analysis, such as:

Answer 34

Cognitive Neuroanatomical Neurochemical

Question 35

maintaining goals, switching between tasks, or preserving internal representations despite distraction

Answer 35

Cognitive

Question 36

- changes in specific brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex

Answer 36

Neuroanatomical

Question 37

- changes in neurotransmitter systems such as dopamine.

Answer 37

Neurochemical

Question 38

- having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain

Answer 38

Expertise

Question 39

- it refers to the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing-hobbies, sports, or reading.

Answer 39

Leisure

Question 40

- an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or ultimate truth).

Answer 40

Religion

Question 41

- the degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in its prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers.

Answer 41

Religiousness

Question 42

- involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.

Answer 42

Spirituality

Question 43

an Austrian psychiatrist whose mother, father, brother, and wife died in the concentration camps and gas chambers in Auschwitz, Poland.

Answer 43

Victor Frankl

Question 44

Three most distinct human qualities:

Answer 44

(1)spirituality, (2) freedom, and (3) responsibilities.

Question 45

- it involves drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in times of chronic stress such as when a loved one dies.

Answer 45

Meaning-Making Coping

Question 46

Four main needs for meaning that guide how people try to make sense of their lives:

Answer 46

Need for purpose Need for values Need for a sense of efficacy Need for self-worth

Question 47

present events draw meaning from their connection with future events. → Life can be oriented toward a future anticipated state, such as living happily ever after or being in love.

Answer 47

Need for purpose

Question 48

Purposes can be divided into:

Answer 48

1) goals and (2) fulfillments.

Question 49

- this can lend a sense of goodness or positive characterization of life and justify certain courses of action. → Values enable people to decide whether certain acts are right or wrong

Answer 49

Need for Values

Question 50

- this involves the belief that one can make a difference. A life that had purposes and values but no efficacy would be tragic. → The person might know what is desirable but could not do anything with that knowledge.

Answer 50

Need for a Sense of Efficacy

Question 51

- most individuals want to be "good, worthy persons". It can an be pursued individually.

Answer 51

Need for Self-Worth

Question 52

Two prominent theories that define stages of adult development are

Answer 52

Erik Erikson's life-span view and Daniel Levinson's seasons of a man's life.

Question 53

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face an issue of _______, which is the seventh stage in his life-span theory.

Answer 53

generativity versus stagnation

Question 54

- it encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation. Through these legacies adults achieve a kind of immortality.

Answer 54

Generativity

Question 55

- (also known as "self-absorption") occurs when people believe they have done nothing for the next generation.

Answer 55

Stagnation

Question 56

Middle-aged adults can develop four generativity in a number of ways.

Answer 56

Biological generativity Parental generativity Work generativity Cultural generativity

Question 57

When adults have offspring →

Answer 57

biological generativity

Question 58

When adults nurture and guide children →

Answer 58

parental generativity

Question 59

When adults develop skills that are passed down to others →

Answer 59

work generativity

Question 60

When adults create, renovate, or conserve some aspect of culture that ultimately survives →

Answer 60

cultural generativity

Question 61

an important dimension of middle age.

Answer 61

Generativity

Question 62

A higher level of generativity in midlife was linked to ______ in late adulthood.

Answer 62

greater wisdom

Question 63

According to Levinson, the transition to middle adulthood lasts about five years (ages 40 to 45) and requires the adult male to come to grips with four major conflicts that have existed in his life since adolescence:

Answer 63

[1] Being young versus being old [2] Being destructive versus being constructive [3] Being masculine versus being feminine [4] Being attached to others versus being separated from them

Question 64

- adolescence is a time for detecting parental flaws and discovering the truth about childhood, while adulthood is a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.

Answer 64

George Vaillant (1977)

Question 65

_______ sees midlife as a crisis. ______ maintains that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis.

Answer 65

Levinson & Vaillant

Question 66

Stage theories focus on the universals of adult personality development as they try to pin down stages that all individuals go through in their adult lives.

Answer 66

Individual variations

Question 67

is triggered by life events such as a job loss, financial problems, or illness.

Answer 67

Crisis

Question 68

Age-related stages represent one major way to examine adult personality development. A second major way to conceptualize adult personality development is to focus on life events.

Answer 68

Life events approach

Question 69

- how life events influence the individual's development depends not only on the life event itself but also on mediating factors (such as physical health and family supports), the individual's adaptation to the life event (such as appraisal of the threat and coping strategies), the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.

Answer 69

Contemporary Life Events Approach

Question 70

→ Life-events approach places too much emphasis on change. It does not adequately recognize the stability that, at least to some degree, characterizes adult development.

Answer 70

Drawbacks of life-events approach:

Question 71

- the view that when men experience stress, they are more likely to engage in a _____ pattern, as reflected in being aggressive, withdrawing from social contact, or drinking alcohol.

Answer 71

Fight-or-Flight

Question 72

- Taylor's view that when women experience stress, they are likely to engage in a ______ pattern, seeking social alliances with others, especially female friends.

Answer 72

Tend-and-Befriend

Question 73

Some developmentalists conclude that changing historical times and different social expectations influence how different cohorts-groups of individuals born in the same year or time period-move through the life span

Answer 73

Historical context (cohort effect)

Question 74

- argues that our values, attitudes, expectations, and behaviors are influenced by the period in which we live

Answer 74

Bernice Neugarten

Question 75

- it holds that the social environment of a particular age group can alter its social clock-the timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career. → _______\ provide guides for our lives

Answer 75

Social Clock

Question 76

- the big five factors are linked to longevity (OCEAN)

Answer 76

The Big Five Factors of Personality

Question 77

OCEAN

Answer 77

Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Question 78

individuals high on _____ to experience are more likely to have better health and well-being.

Answer 78

Openness to Experience

Question 79

- individuals high in ______ often do well in a variety of life domains

Answer 79

Conscientiousness

Question 80

- individuals high in ________ are more likely than others to live longer

Answer 80

Extraversion

Question 81

- people who are high in _______ are more likely to live longer.

Answer 81

Agreeableness

Question 82

- people high in _______ are more likely to die at a younger age.

Answer 82

Neuroticism

Question 83

involves having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems. ______ is often referred to as a style of thinking.

Answer 83

Optimism

Question 84

- one of the researchers in the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, stresses that too much attention has been given to discontinuities for all members of the human species, as exemplified in the adult stage theories. → He points out that some people experience recurrent crises and undergo substantial changes over the life course, whereas others have more stable, continuous lives entailing very little change.

Answer 84

John Clausen (1993)

Question 85

In the ________, some women moved toward becoming "pillars of society" in their early forties to early fifties. → Menopause, caring for aging parents, and an empty nest were not associated with an increase in responsibility and self-control.

Answer 85

Mills College Study

Question 86

_____ studies showed that individuals at 50 years of age were more likely to be alive and happy at 75 to 80 years of age.

Answer 86

George Vaillant

Question 87

is strong in early adulthood, while affectionate love increases in middle adulthood

Answer 87

Romantic love

Question 88

- a decrease in marital satisfaction that occurs after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children.

Answer 88

Empty Nest Syndrome

Question 89

- the grandparent performed what was considered to be a proper and prescribed role.

Answer 89

Formal Style

Question 90

- the grandparent was informal and playful.

Answer 90

Fun-Seeking Style

Question 91

- the grandparent was benevolent but interaction was infrequent.

Answer 91

Distant-Figure Style

Question 92

Middle-aged adults are the "____________" generation, caring for both grown children and aging parents simultaneously.

Answer 92

sandwich