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Middle Ages Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Dark Ages?

A

The Dark Ages refers to the Early Middle Ages, Historians defer from using this term, because the description isn’t entirely accurate.

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2
Q

What was happening during the Dark Ages?

A
  • China: Tang Dynasty
  • Europe: Collapse of the Roman Empire
  • Middle East/Africa: Umayyad Caliphate
  • Americas: Mayans
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3
Q

What happened with the division of the Roman Empire?

A
  • Western Roman Empire: Rome, Italy
  • Eastern Roman Empire: Constantinople
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4
Q

What caused the Fall of Rome?

A
  • Economic Issues
  • Political/ Administrative division of East & West
  • Military - Lack of Loyalty
  • Invasion of Barbarian tribes - Sacks of Rome: 410, 455, 476
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5
Q

What was the Byzantine Empire?

A
  • Greatest under Justinian
  • Constantinople: most important part of Byzantium - “Gateway” between East & West
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6
Q

What was the Macedonian Renaissance?

A
  • Intellectual Revival: Education, Art, Literature, Philosophy
  • Greek Language
  • Icons
  • Currency: Bezant
  • Trade: Silk, Jewellery, Gold, Textiles, etc.
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7
Q

Difference between Western & Eastern Christianity

A
  • Western Roman Church: Rome, Pope, HRE, Latin
  • Eastern Orthodox Church: Caesaropapism, Patriarch, Greek, Orthodox
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8
Q

What was the First Islamic Expansion?

A
  • Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 AD)
  • Sunni vs Shia
  • Qur’an, Hadith
  • Al-Andalus, Cordoba
  • Dhimmi: Christians & Jews
  • Abbasin Caliphate: takes over the Umayyads
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9
Q

What was the Golden age of Islam?

A
  • Baghdad - House of Wisdom
  • Islamic Literature, Philosophy, Science, Medicine
  • Islamic Scholars: Lubna of Cordoba (Math), Al-Khuvarizmi (Algebra), Ibn Sina (Physician & Philosophy)
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10
Q

Who were the Magyars?

A
  • Hungary/Hungarians
  • Not Hans
  • Nomads
  • Ural Mountains -> Danube Basin
  • Defeated by Otto I(955)
  • WR Christianity
  • Uralic Language
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11
Q

What were the 3 Estates?

A
  • Those who Fought: Bellatores
  • Those who Prayed: Oratores
  • Those who worked: Laboratores
  • Others: Women, Jews, Townies
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12
Q

Who were those who Worked?

A
  • Slaves, Serfs, Freemen
  • Manorlism: Economic Structure
  • Land and Labour
  • Demesne
  • Landed Elite: Jurisdiction & Justice
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13
Q

Who were those who Fought?

A
  • Knights, Lords, Vassals: Armour, Weapons, Horses
  • Vassalage
  • Fealty: Oath of mutual obligation/loyalty
  • Castles > Castellans
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14
Q

Who were those who Prayed?

A
  • Clergy, Priests, Bishops, Monks
  • Vows of Chasity, Obedience
  • Education, Literacy
  • Hierarchical structure
  • Diocese/Bishops > Parish/Priests
  • Tithe
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15
Q

Monks & Nuns

A
  • Monasteries, Abbeys, Convents
  • Monks, Nuns > Abbeys, Abbesses
  • Vows of Poverty, Chasity, Obedience
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16
Q

What were Monasteries & Abbeys?

A
  • Agricultural & Economic centres
  • Pastoral Care
  • Education & Preserving Knowledge
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17
Q

What was Agriculture Intensification?

A
  • Technological Innovation & Improvement
  • Moldeboard Plow
  • Three Field System
  • More food = more people
  • More People = need for more food/land
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18
Q

What was the Commercial Revolution?

A
  • Markets
  • Cities & Towns
  • Fairs
  • Universities
  • Diversity: Jews merchants & scholars
  • Crafts and Guilds
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19
Q

What was the Reconquista?

A
  • 722-1492
  • Al-Andalus
  • 1063
  • Promise of Papal support
  • Conquests of Toledo & Zarzoga
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20
Q

What was the Gregorian Reform?

A
  • Hildebrand = GregorVII
  • Argument over papal primacy & power to appoint bishops
  • Investiture Controversy (1075)
  • Concordat of Worms
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21
Q

What was the Church Reform 2.0?

A
  • Emphasis on Sacraments
  • Clerical Celibacy
  • Clothes & Power
  • Canon Law: Decretum
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22
Q

What were the New Monastic Orders?

A
  • OG Monks: Benedictine, Black Monks
  • Carthusian Monks: Hermits, Silence
  • Cistercians: White Monks
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23
Q

Who is William the Conqueror?

A
  • Duke of Normandy
  • Vassal of King of France
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24
Q

Who is Harold Godwinson?

A
  • 1022-1066
  • Battle of Hastings(1066)
  • Bayeux Tapestry
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25
What is the Domesday Book?
- 1085-1086 - Household Survey - Taxes, Danegeld - 268984 Heads of Household - Population ~1.2-1.6 mill.
26
What was the First Crusade?
- The Peoples Crusade - Peter the Hermit (1050-1131) - Jews in Rhineland - Pogrom - Thousands Massacred
27
Who were the Women on Crusade?
- Eleanor of Aquitaine - Elvira of Leon-Castille - Florin of Burgandy
28
What was the Second Crusade?
- Siege of Edessa - St Bernard of Chairvaux - Conrad III of Germany - Louis VII of France - Eleanor of Aquitaine
29
What was the Second Islamic Expansion?
- North/West Africa - Almoravids > Almohads - Ghana - Gold, Salt, Islamic Reform - Near East & Middle East - Ayyubids
30
What was the Third Crusade?
- Pope Gregory VIII - Papal Bull: Audita Tremendi - Recaputre Acre: Slaughter of Muslim Captures - Failure to recapture Jerusalem
31
What was the Fourth Crusade?
- 1202-1204 - Venetian Ships - Seek of Constantinople
32
What was Court & Culture in the Middle Ages?
- Vernacular Literature - Troubadours - Chivalry - Poetry & Music - Tournaments - Courtly Love
33
What happened with the Expansion & Consolidation under Henry I?
- Common Law - Exchequer(Treasury) - Conquest & Diplomacy in Scotland & Wales
34
What is Chivalry?
- Military Bravery & Prowess - Religious Piety - Moral Conduct & Honour - Nobility & Courtly Love
35
What is Courtly Love?
- Eleanor of Aquitaine - The "Game of Love" - Nobility & Chivalry
36
What are the Wars of Conquest: Wales?
- 1277; 1282-1283 - Marcher Lords & Welsh Princes - Battle of Orevin Bridge (1282)
37
What was the First Scottish War of Independence?
- 1296 - 1328 - "The Great Cause" - Edward I = Arbiter - England - The Auld Enemy - France - The Auld Alliance
38
What was the Declaration of Arbroath (1320)?
- Declaration of Scottish Independence from English rule - Acknowledged by Pope John
39
What was the Legacy Left from the Scottish Wars of Independence?
- Scottish Identity = Not English - Stone of Scone - Death & Taxes - Stewart Dynasty (1371-1714)
40
Who were the Ottomans?
- Osman I (1299) - Mehmad II - Fall of Contantinople (1453) by Mehmad - Hagia Sophia - End of Byzantine Empire - Ottoman Empire (14th-20th Cent.) - Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
41
What was the Initial Impacts of the Black Death? What were the Reactions?
- Depopulation Reactions - Flee? -Fire & Persecution * Jews massacred - Prayer & Penance * Flagellation - Loss of Faith - Hedonism
42
What were the Secondary Impacts of the Black Death?
- Urbanism - Cities = Social support networks, job opportunities - Artisans & Craftsmen - Urban Poor - Fewer Serfs & Peasants
43
What were the Peasant Revolts?
- Edward III - Statutes of Labourers (1351) - Taxes - Jacquerie (1378) - Wat Tylers Rebellion (1381)
44
What were the Long term Consequences of the Black Death?
- Population Recovery & Stagnation - Disease, War, Famine - Social & Economic Impacts: Urbanization & Urban Poor, End of Serfdom in W. Europe, Knightly class -> Decrease in wealth & power, growing wealthy urban elite. - Culture, Art & Literature: Humanism, Vernacular Literature, Renaissance - Religion: Crises in Faith, Criticism of Catholic Church, Reformation
45
What was the Hundreds Year War?
- 1337-1453 - Dynastic Claims - Involves most of Europe
46
What was the First Phase of the Hundred Years War?
The English are Winning - Edward III & son - Richard II & John of Gaunt - Henry V: Proto-Nationalism - Battle of Agincourt (1415) - Treaty of Troyes (1420)
47
What was the Second Phase of the Hundred Years War?
The French take it Back - Joan of Arc (1412-1431) - Visions of Saints and God: Supports Dauphine - Siege of Orleans
48
What were the Outcomes of the Hundred Years War
- Geopolitical Realignment - Military Innovations - Taxes - Standing Armies - Wars of the Ruses - Rising Nationalism & Identity
49
What was the Post-Plague War?
- Italian City States: Florence, Milan, Venice, Rome, Kingdom of Naples - Peace of Lodi (1454): 5 Main powers decide to stop fighting - Signori - Italic League
50
How was the Renaissance a Rebirth?
- Humanism & Civic Humanism - Individualism - Neoplatonism: Greek & Roman - Northern Renaissance
51
What was the Avignon Papacy?
- 1309 - 1376 - Under the authority of the French King Western Schism (Papal Schism) 1378-1417 - Pope in Avignon - Pope in Rome - Pope in Pisa (Anti-pope)
52
What happened during the Reconquista?
- Spanish Inquisition - Conversos - Isabella of Castille - Ferdinand of Aragon - Battle of Granada -1492 - Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492)
53
What was the Protestant Reformation?
- Martin Luther & 95 Theses: Sola Fide - Justification by Faith - Printing Press - Splintering of Religion: Calvanism, Lutheranism, Anabaptism, etc.
54
What were the Results of the Protestant Reformation?
- War: 30 Years War - 50% of Germany Died - Expansion & Exploration - Missionaries & Mercantilism - Witch hunts - Religious Fragmentation, Division, Conflict
55
Who was Henry III and Leo IX do with the Great Schism?
- Henry III - Resolved the Great Schism - Leo IX - Separated the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
56
What is Countess Matilda of Tuscany known for?
- Supported the Papacy against the Holy Roman Emperor during the Investiture Conflict.
57
What is the Investiture Conflict?
a major power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors, over who had the right to appoint bishops and other high-ranking church officials.
58
Who was Baldwin IV?
- He ruled Jerusalem between 1174-1185 - He was known as King of the Lepers. - He had Leperocy
59
Who was Margaret of Wessex?
- Promoted religious reform - Founded churches and monasteries
60
Who was David I?
- Ruled 1124-1153 - Exiled to England - Davidian Revoltuion - Norman Feudalism in Scotland - Gregorian Reform
61
Who was Thomas Becket?
- Saint Thomas of Canterbury - Served as Lord Chancellor and then Archbishop of Canterbury
62
What was the Magna Carta?
- A landmark document signed by King John of England in 1215 - Limiting the king's power - Established the principle that even monarchs are subject to the rule of law
63
Who was Edward I?
- "Longshanks", Hammer of the Scots - King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine & Gascony
64
Who was William Wallace?
- Wrote about in the "English & Scottish Chronicles" and Blind Harry's "The Wallace" - Battle of Sterling Bridge (1297) - Guardian of Scotland - Scots think he is a Hero, English think he is a Murderer
65
Who was Robert the Bruce?
- Robert I (r. 1306-1329) - Declaration of Arbroath
66
What is the Decameron?
- 1348-1353 - Involves ten young men and women fleeing Florence during the Black Plague
67
Who was Petrarch?
- 1304-1374 - Father of Humanism
68
Who was Giovanni Boccaccio?
- 1313-1375 - Florence - Wrote The Decameron
69
Who were the Women in the Renaissance/Reformation?
- Margery Kempe: 1378-post 1438 - Julian of Norwich: 1343-post 1416
70
What is Lay Piety?
- The religious practices and beliefs of people who are not ordained clergy

Middle Ages (1 decks)

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