MIDDLE CHILDHOOD CHAP 11

Question 1

how much do children born and raised in the U.S. typically grow in height and weight per year in middle childhood?

Answer 1

about 2 to 3 inches in height 5 pounds in weight

Question 2

what part of the body grows fastest in middle childhood (causing children to appear long-legged)

Answer 2

lower portion of the body

Question 3

what is a secular trend? give an example regarding physical growth.

Answer 3

changes in body size from one generation to the next —- have occurred in industrialized nations. Joey and Lizzie are taller and heavier than their parents and grandparents were as children

Question 4

what two factors contribute to the unusual flexibility of movement seen in middle childhood?

Answer 4

the bones of the body lengthen and broaden. However, ligaments are not yet firmly attached to bones. This, combined with increasing muscle strength

Question 5

what is adolescent growth spurt? how does its timing differ for boys vs girls?

Answer 5

The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight., Grow 8-12 inches., Females grow between 9-12 years, males grow between 11-14 years.

Question 6

what is malocclusion? what causes it? how many school aged children are affected by this?

Answer 6

condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly, occurs in one-third of school-age children. caused by thumb sucking after permanent teeth erupt

Question 7

what percentage of U.S. school aged children have tooth decay?

Answer 7

more than 50%

Question 8

be familiar with changes in brain development (white and gray matter) during middle childhood

Answer 8

brain increases by only 10 percent during middle childhood white matter, consisting largely of myelinated nerve fibers, and gray matter, consisting mostly of neurons and supportive material. White matter rises steadily throughout childhood and adolescence, especially in the prefrontal cortex (responsible for consciousness, impulse control, integration of information, and strategic thinking), in the parietal lobes (supporting spatial abilities), and in the corpus callosum (leading to more efficient communication between the two cortical hemispheres)

Question 9

what percent over healthy weight for your age, gender, and build does one have to be, to be considered overweight? obese? what is body mass index? (BMI) what BMI is considered overweight and what BMI is considered obese?

Answer 9

a greater-than-20-percent increase over healthy weight

(BMI)—a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat

BMI overweight = above the 85th percentile

BMI obese = above the 95th percentile

Question 10

When children begin to get their permanent teeth, why do their teeth seem so large? Is this a permanent condition?

Answer 10

The first teeth to go are the lower and then upper front teeth, giving many first and second graders a “toothless” smile. For a while, the permanent teeth seem much too large. Gradually, growth of the facial bones, especially those of the jaw and chin, causes the child’s face to lengthen and the mouth to widen, accommodating the newly erupting teeth.

Question 11

What is the most frequent cause of child illness during middle childhood.

Answer 11

exposure to sick children and an immune system that is still developing

Question 12

What percent over healthy weight for our age, gender, and build does one have to be, to be considered overweight? Obese/ what is body mass index (BMI)? What BMI is considered overweight and what BMI is considered obese?

Answer 12

20% over healthy weight to be considered overweight

a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat

A BMI above the 85th percentile for a child’s age and sex is considered overweight,

a BMI above the 95th percentile obese.

Question 13

Be familiar with some of the factors that are associated with childhood obesity. How does prenatal exposures to substances that restrict physical growth in utero (e.g. tobacco) contribute to later weight gain? Is sleep associated with weight in middle childhood?

Answer 13

Childrend who are undernourished are at risk

mothers smoked during pregnancy and who therefore are often born underweight are at elevated risk for later overweight and obesity

children who got less nightly sleep were more likely to be overweight five years later

Question 14

Are overweight and obese children more likely than children weight to become overweight adults? What are some of the negative health, emotional-social, and life consequences of obesity?

Answer 14

Persistent obesity from childhood into adolescence predicts serious behavior problems, including defiance, aggression, severe depression, and suicidal thoughts and behavior

Overweight girls are likely to reach puberty early

Question 15

What is myopia? What percentage of children does it affect by the end of the school years? Be familiar with different biological and environmental factors that put children at risk for this disorder.

Answer 15

Myopia—nearsightedness

25%

Heridity (identical twins more likely to get it) / if parents and grandparents have it/ low birth weight / computer usage

Question 16

What is nocturnal enuresis? What causes it? What percentage of school aged children in the U.S. is affected by it?

Answer 16

Bedwetting during the night

caused by a failure of muscular responses that inhibit urination or by a hormonal imbalance that permits too much urine to accumulate during the night

10%

Question 17

What is the most common cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization?

Answer 17

Asthma accounting for about one-third of childhood chronic illness

Question 18

What is the leading cause of death during middle childhood?

Answer 18

head injuries

Question 19

Describe developmental trends in gross motor development during middle childhood.

Answer 19

During the school years, running, jumping, hopping, and ball skills become more refined

Question 20

Flexibility.

Answer 20

Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are physically more pliable and elastic, a difference evident as they swing bats, kick balls, jump over hurdles, and execute tumbling routines.

Question 21

Balance

Answer 21

Improved balance supports many athletic skills, including running, hopping, skipping, throwing, kicking, and the rapid changes of direction required in many team sports.

Question 22

Agility.

Answer 22

Quicker and more accurate movements are evident in the fancy footwork of dance and cheerleading and in the forward, backward, and sideways motions used to dodge opponents in tag and soccer.

Question 23

Force.

Answer 23

Older children can throw and kick a ball harder and propel themselves farther off the ground when running and jumping than they could at earlier ages

Question 24

Describe developmental trends in fine motor development, including writing and drawing. Why is the writing of 6-year-olds so large? Before age 8, what type of figure do children have trouble accurately copying?

Answer 24

drawings show dramatic gains in organization, detail, and representation of depth during middle childhood.

Their writing is large, however, because they make strokes using the entire arm rather than just the wrist and fingers

copying a three-dimensional form, such as a cube or cylinder.

Question 25

What cognitive advance is associated with school age children’s participation in rule-oriented games?

Answer 25

Emotional and social development

Question 26

What should parents and coaches emphasize to best encourage children’s greater sense of competence and enjoyment in sports?

Answer 26

effort, improvement, participation, and teamwork

Question 27

What is rough-and-tumble play? What is a dominance hierarchy?

Answer 27

friendly chasing and play-fighting while laughing and smiling

a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises