1. Shahadah 2. Salat 3. Zakat 4. Sawm 5. Hajj

Middle East Flashcards by Courtney Skaggs

Mesopotamia

Tigris Euphrates blanks. Present day Iraq

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Major qualities of realm

Climate
Islam
Oil/conflict

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Arab springs 2011

Countries in Middle East rebelling against gov. Led to many leaders stepping down/kicked out

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Arab spring began in

Tunisia

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Arab spring reforms
Traditional-autocratic 
Islamic fundamentalist
Political dictatorships
To.....

Progressive democracy
Reforms; women’s rights
Free speech

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Syria majority (Muslim side)

Sunni

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Syria…since 1971 leader

Elite Alawite Minority(Shia branch)

Al-Assad family

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Syria civil war between…

Government (Alawite minority)
Vs.
Sunni majority resistance army

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Fertile Crescent

Area extended from Mesopotamia to Mediterranean Sea & Egypt

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2 main cultural hearths in Middle East

Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia

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Libya water source

Underground (fossil) water

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Israel water conservation

Fertigration- grow under tarps to trap water from transpiration

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3 main Middle East ethnicities

Arab-80 mil
Turkish-70 mil
Persian- 70 mil

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Abraham is the origins of…

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

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Islams “Jesus Christ”

Muhammad

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Muhammad (Islam)

Camel caravan worker
Married leaders widow
Well known in Mecca

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Mecca

Vibrant trading town w/temples

Muhammad, while mediating in near cave received revelations from Allah from angel

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“Truth” to Muhammad angel revelations-

he was illiterate, told beliefs to others who wrote Koran

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After revelation Muhammad…

After trying to change ways of Mecca, he was driven out to city of Medina

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Muhammad medina journey known as

Hejira

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Muhammad returns to Mecca….

Didn’t kill people, just conquered & tore down all temples other than Kaba

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Ka’ba

Temple of Allah

Believed to be built by Abraham and son

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5 pillars of Islam

Shahadah
Salat
Zakat
Sawm
Hajj

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Shahadah

Express the basic creed

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Salat

Pray

Zakat

Give to charity

Sawm

Fast during month of Ramadan

Hajj

Make Mecca pilgrimage

Muhammad's death led to...

Divisions of Islam

Islam successors should be worthy followers (branch)

Sunni

Successors of Islam should be direct relatives of Muhammad (branch)

Shia

Third small branch of Islam

Sufi

Top Muslim countries

Indonesia Pakistan India Bangladesh

Two types of spatial diffusion

Expansion | Relocation

Northern Africa refered to as

Maghreb. Isle of west

The Maghreb

- Main ethnic group-Berbers - Arabs brought Islam - Ag based with oil developments - Islamic fundamentalist clash with westerners

Libya

Urbanizing Oil money Majority Arab/been mix--Sunni Muslim Arab spring removed Gadhafi(42 yr leader)

Egypt

Arabs not Berbers 1/3 pop under 15 yrs old Cornerstone of Arab world 95% live 15 miles of Nile

Largest Arab population

Cairo, Egypt

African transition zone

Where Islam ends(Arab), Christianity/tribal begins(African) Deserts north, tropics south

What formed the political borders that still basically exist in Africa

European colonialism- Berlin conference

Sudan

Divided by transition zone. Civil war for decades Ethnicity & religion

Darfur within Sudan

Both sides Muslim Darfur is African North sedan is Arab

Three main physical features of n.africa

Atlas mts, Sahara desert, Nile river

Those cleansing is darfur, Sudan referred to as

Janjaweed-funded by Arabs

Israel called___________ before 1948

Palestine

British supported Jewish homeland | Turned over to UN in 1945

What did UN do to Palestine

Portioned in 1947 Half Palestinian, half Jew Only 40% actually Jew

In 1948 UN recognized jewish state...

Isreal

Backed by US & GB LARGEST recipient of US foreign aid Series of Arab-Isrealian war

Arab-Israel warS

Arab defeated every time. Isreal gained all land but Gaza Strip and West Bank

West Bank

Palestinian area Water shortage extreme Israel uses 4x more water

Camp David accord

1977. Peace treaty between Israel & Egypt to not go to war again Initiated by us

Saudi Arabia

``` Location of medina & Mecca Oil based economy 20% world oil located here Sunni Basic criminal code ```

Kuwait

Small, Persian gulf Immense oil reserves-high living standard George h bush drilled first offshore Kuwait oil

United Arab Emirates

7 small Arab emirates Oil based Also building trade center

Yemen

Only country in Arabian peninsula with true democratic gov

Operation desert storm

Military action to remove saddam Hussein from power in Kuwait during Persian gulf war

Mutawa'een

Religious police in Saudi Arabia that monitor public social behavior

Iraq

Lies in Fertile Crescent Arab Sunni

Iran-Iraq War 1980-88

Over Shatt al-Arab waterway in Persian gulf No victory Us supported Saddam Hussein(Iraq)

Persian gulf war(90-91

U.S.- Iraq Saddam tried to take over Kuwait (oil) Blew up all oil facilities on exit Allowed to control Iraq after to keep control

Turkey

``` Secular gov Member or NATO want to join EU Turkish not Arab Sunni Oppose Kurdistan ```

Iran

Islamic State Persian & Shia Arc enemy of Israel Opposes Kurdistan

Proposed country of Kurdistan

Turkey, Iran, Iraq Heavily opposed

Axis of Evil (3 countries)

Iran Iraq N. Korea

Afghanistan-Cold War

- US supported anti-soviet | - Osama Bin Ladin, key player in war for CIA

Taliban came to power after 1996

Government-Islamic law | Kill over 50,000

Osama bin Ladin

Rebelled against US after Cold War | Anti-resistance group called al-Qaeda

Al Qaeda linked to 9-11

Us invades Afghanistan | Oct 7,2001

Aral Sea

Once 4th largest body of water...shrank to 10% size

Middle East Flashcards

(71 cards)