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Global Studies > Middle East > Flashcards

Middle East Flashcards

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1
Q

Geographically

A

19-23 countries

  1. North Africa
  2. Southeast Asia
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2
Q

Language

A

Majority: Arabic
Minority: Berber, Farsi, Hebrew, Turkish

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3
Q

Religion

A

Majority: Islam
Minority: Judaism & Christianity

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4
Q

Ethnicity

A

Majority: Arab (👈🏼 not a race)
Minority: Jews, Persians, Turks( 👈🏼not Arab countries)
No Country: Kurds

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5
Q

Hijab( ArabicHajaba: to cover)

A

Behavior, manners, speech, and appearance (more than a piece of cloth)

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6
Q

Why do Muslim women choose to wear hijab?

A
  1. To not be judged based on physical appearance
  2. It is in the Qu’ran
  3. To be viewed for their intellect and character
  4. For female empowerment
  5. Modesty
  6. To demonstrate Religious Identity
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7
Q

4 Earliest Civilizations in the World

A
  1. China: Yellow/Yangtze River
  2. Indus Valley: Indus River
  3. Egypt: Nile River
  4. Mesopotamia: Tigris/ Euphrates River
    • Iraq: Modern day Mesopotamia
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8
Q

Pre - Islamic Empires/ Civilizations of Middle East

A
  1. Sumarians
  2. Egyptians
  3. Hittites
  4. Israelites
  5. Assyrians
  6. Babylonian
  7. Persians
  8. Macedonians
  9. Romans
  10. Byzantines
  11. Islamic Empire
  12. Mongols
  13. Ottoman Empire
  14. European Colonialism
  15. Independent Nations
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9
Q

Foreign Rulers

A

Macedonians
Romans
Byzantines

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10
Q

Islamic Empires

A

Expanded Islam from Spain/North Africa to Central Asia

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11
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

Last empire of the Middle East

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12
Q

European Colonialism

A

Left after WWII

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13
Q

Fairly New Civilizatins

A

Islamic Empire
Ottoman Empire
European Colonialism
Independent Nation States

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14
Q

2 Branches of Islam

A

Sunnie
Shi’ite

Iran & Islam: predominantly Shi’ite

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15
Q

Sunni

A

85-95% (majority)

Any qualified muslim can become a leader

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16
Q

Shi’ite

A

10-15% (minority)

Blood descendants of Muhammad can become a leader

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17
Q

Salaam

A

Peace

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18
Q

Islam

A

Submission to the will of God

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19
Q

Shiara

A

Law

- Saudi Arabia, Iran

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20
Q

Jihad

A

To sturggle

  • greater: struggle within oneself
  • lesser: outward struggle against evil
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21
Q

5 Pillars

A
  1. Belief in one true God
  2. Muslims pray 5 times a day
  3. Charity and Almsgiving
  4. Ramadan: Fasting, Eid-celebration end of Ramadan
  5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
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22
Q

1900

Study These Flashcards
A

Abraham

  • Ur, Mesopotamia
  • Move your people from Ur to Canaan ( promise land)
  • Famine forces Israelites out into Egypt
  • Enslaved for 4 centuries
23
Q

1200

Study These Flashcards
A

Moses

  • leads Israelites out of slavery and back to Canaan
  • split into two kingdoms( Israel, Judah)
24
Q

2 Israelite Kingdoms

Study These Flashcards
A

Northern: Israel
Southern: Judah

25
722
Assyrians - Conquer Israel - Scattered and lose Jewish Identity
26
586
Babylonians - Conquer Judah - Exile the to Babylon( maintain Jewish Identity ) - 1st Jewish Diaspara
27
Diaspara
Group of people who have been dispersed from their homeland.
28
538
Persians(Cyrus the Great) - conquer Babylonians - Allowed Israelites to return
29
0
Roman Empire
30
66-70
Jewish Revolt against Roman empire - Romans Exile Jews to Europe - 2nd Diaspora - Renamed Jewish Homeland to Palestine
31
300-399 (4th century)
Roman Empire (Constantine) - makes christianity legal in Europe - Further persecute Jewish Diaspora living in Europe -
32
Summary of Jewish Narrative
Enslaved 👉🏼 Conquered👉🏼 Exiled👉🏼 Persecuted
33
1890
Zionism: Jewish Movement to return to Palestine | - Ask Ottoman Empire if they can go back (said no because people already live there)
34
1914- 1918
WWI: Arab Israeli Conflict began Allied: Britain - France - Russia - United States Central: Germany - Ottoman Empire - Austria - Hungary
35
Balfour Declaration
British to Jews; Promised British support for Jewish Homeland in Palestine - upheld
36
McMahon Letter
British to Arabs: British Promised independence for all Arabs living under Ottoman Rule if they helped overthrow the Ottomans
37
Sykes - Picot Agreement
Secret agreement between Britain and France to divided the lands promised to both Arabs and Jews - upheld
38
1920s
Massive migration of Jews into Palestine | - Increased rage/ resentment among Arabs
39
1930s
Rise of Hitler/ Nazis in Europe - increase in Jewish migration to Palestine - increase in Arab revolt
40
1939 - 1945
WWII: Holocaust | - After WWII: International sympathy for Jews and for a Jewish state
41
1947
Britain leaves Palestine - U.N. Partition Plan: Divide Palestine into 2 states - Jewish: 55% land( most fertile) - accept plan - Palestinian: 45% land - reject plan
42
1948
Israel becomes a state - U.S. is the 1st to recognize them as a state - Next day 5 Arab states attack ( Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq) *ISRAEL WINS* - Israel: War of Independence - Palestine: The Catastrophe
43
3 results of The War of Independence/ The Catastrophe
1. Israel gains more land (78%) - West Bank (Jordan) - Gaza Strip (Egypt) 2. 750,000 Palestinians become refugees 3. No more Paletine
44
Early 1960s
U.S. support Israel - military - money
45
1967
Israel starts a pre-emptive attack | - Six Day War: Israel wins
46
Six Day War: Israel Gains
1. 3x Land - Sinai peninsula (Egypt), Gaza Strip (Egypt), West Bank (Jordan), Golan Heights (Syria) 2. Occupies the territories where the Palestinians are living 3. Now seem as the dominant military force in the Middle East
47
1973
Yom Kippur War/ October War - Israel (U.S.) vs. Egypt & Syria (Soviet Union) - Cold War: Oil Embargo - U.S. negotiate a truce
48
1978
Camp David Accords - Israel: Give Egypt Sinai - Egypt: recognizes Israel as a state - Arabs assassinate Sadat (traitor)
49
1993
Oslo Accords - Israel gives land to PLO - Israel leader assassinated by zionist because they believe the land was from God - P.L.O (Palestinian Liberation Organization) gives peace - Falls Apart
50
Camp David Accords & Oslo Accords Similarities
1. Both leaders were assassinated by their own people 2. Both Initiated by U.S. 3. Both leaders hated each other but came together for peace
51
Camp David Accords & Oslo Accords Differences
1. Arab leader killed (Camp David) | 2. Israeli leader killed (Oslo)
52
2000
2nd Intifada - Palestinians (suicide bombers) 5,000 died - Israeli (tanks/bombs) 1,000 died - Palestine thinks U.S. hates them - 2001: 9/11 - bond with Israel grows stronger (terrorist attacks)
53
2005
Israel withdraws from the Gaza Strip - Hamas (terrorist group): rule Gaza Strip - Israeli military surrounds the Gaza Strip (no Palestinians can leave or enter)
54
1987
1st Intifada (uprising) - Palestinians

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