Midquiz - Flash Dates + Grand Theories

Question 1

inventero of paradigm theory, history of science. Published the Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Answer 1

Thomas Kuhn

Question 2

When was the Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn published

Answer 2

1962

Question 3

What was the first step of determining an analytic or experimental guide to research? Which argument established it? What era

Answer 3

Boyle v Hobbes in 1660. Boyle built an air contraption to show vacuum at work. Went from theory to causes to observations to theory.

Question 4

A Puritan minister who was a proponent of Newtonian science. Published the Christian Philosopher in 1721

Answer 4

Cotton Mather

Question 5

When did Thomas Jefferson send Lewis & Clarke on a mission of knowledge?

Answer 5

1803

Question 6

The Year the Coast Survey program started in the US and who originally ran it

Answer 6

1807 & led by Hassler. Alexander Bache took over in 1843

Question 7

The first Yale professor of chemistry and natural history hired in 1801 & who started the American Journal of Science and the Arts in 1818

Answer 7

Benjamin Silliman

Question 8

When was the American Journal of Science & the Arts

Answer 8

1818

Question 9

When was West Point founded? And when was Alexander Bache made a professor of engineering there?

Answer 9

1802, 1825

Question 10

The true proponent of the Coast Survey and when did he start working for the Coast Survey

Answer 10

Alexander Bache. 1843

Question 11

A court case that started the conversation of whether scientists were truly and officially experts and could have their knowledge taken as fact

Answer 11

James Maurice vs Samuel Judd in 1818. Samuel Judd refused to pay taxes on whale oil because it wasn’t fish oil.

Question 12

the ROCKSTAR scientist of the 19th century scientists. Prominent naturalist, Austrian(?).

Answer 12

Baron Alexander von Humboldt

Question 13

When the Smithsonian fund left behind finally was established with a secretary, board, and building

Answer 13

1846

Question 14

Went to Walden Pond and studied it to extreme detail in 1846

Answer 14

Henry David Thoreau

Question 15

Sarah Stone published her book/guide on midwifery

Answer 15

1737

Question 16

Length of time of this person’s diary described her daily rituals, including those of midwifery

Answer 16

1785 - 1812, Martha Ballard

Question 17

pioneered small pox vaccine by testing his gardner’s son

Answer 17

Edward Jenner

Question 18

Two main Geology questions

Answer 18

Uniformitarian (slowly changing over time) v catastrophic (sudden, dramatic changes)
Neptunism (accretion and deposition by water) v Plutonism (upwelling and spewing of molten matter from beneath)

Question 19

Stole mill/industrial spinning technology from England (who had it highly protected at the time) & brought it to the US and period it was stolen. When was his mill built?

Answer 19

Samuel Slater (Slater the Traitor), invented tech in 1760s. Built mill in RI in 1793

Question 20

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 20

“giraffe’s neck will grow longer as it grows, and then pass it to children.” Continuous spontaneous generation theory, so simpler forms just hadn’t had as much time to evolve

Question 21

uniformist geologist whose books influenced Darwin during his worldly voyage

Answer 21

Charles Lyell

Question 22

years that Darwin was on his voyage

Answer 22

1831-1836

Question 23

publication date of Origin of Species

Answer 23

1859

Question 24

Two important figures who brought Darwin’s theory in America

Answer 24

Louis Agassiz (founded comparative zoology) & Asa Gray (botanist with correspondance between he and Darwin)

Question 25

two people who applied Darwin's theories to humans

Answer 25

Herbert Spencer - coined survival of the fittest (1864) | William G. Spencer - advanced Social Darwinist position (1883)

Question 26

when was survival of the fittest coined?

Answer 26

1864

Question 27

when was Harvard created?

Answer 27

1636

Question 28

A bill that provided states with 30,000 acres to establish and fund educational institutions that focused on agriculture, mechanics, and to educate industrial classes. And when was it authorized?

Answer 28

Morill Land Grant Act in 1862

Question 29

Acts that helped support the Morill Land Grant Act, one that funded research and a second that funded dissemination of knowledge collected and what years they were founded

Answer 29

``` Hatch Act (1887) = research Smith-Lever (1914) = disemmination ```

Question 30

A second land grant act aimed at equality of education in Southern states, led to the founding of many of the historically black colleges

Answer 30

Second Morill Act in 1890

Question 31

This university was founded in 1876 based on European graduate education

Answer 31

John Hopkins

Question 32

two people who pushed the boundary in germ discovery. 1 determined the germ theory, in which year? the other in anthrax, in which year?

Answer 32

Louis Pasteur - 1861 | Robert Kock - 1876

Question 33

a prominent antivaxxer after her child died

Answer 33

Laura Little

Question 34

traced cholera outbrea to a single water pump

Answer 34

John Snow, 1854

Question 35

The Three Industrial Revolutions, time estimates, and focus

Answer 35

``` First IR (1760 - 1840) - textile, replacing human/animal power Second IR (1840s - 1950s) - transportation, communication, source of power (electricity) Third IR (1950s-today) - information technologies ```

Question 36

Relationship between Society and Innovation

Answer 36

- The Development of Germ Theory (1860s-1900s) - -> As people move away from miasma theory, cities love this new idea, take it up. - -> First a voluntary phase, not necessary. Then existing policies and social norms as information spreads and becomes an established part of life. - -> Societal changes bring opposition (antivax). - -> Use these norms to help continue or support the existing social constructs (discrimination against Chinese)

Question 37

How should we define a "paradigm shifts" and does certain things qualify as a paradigm shift?

Answer 37

- Def: Science changes via revolutions - People come up with new theories during a crisis phase, and one of these theories will win & signal shift - God/Creationism ---> Evolution (Darwin emerging from the the crisis, social reaction to Darwin) - Miasma --> Germ Theory

Question 38

a scientist who believed that species organized by divine intelligence, no evolution or change, but species could happen at any given moment

Answer 38

Georges Cuvier