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BIOM1060 > Midsemester Exam > Flashcards

Midsemester Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution has lower osmolarity than inside the cell. Cells will swell.

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2
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Balance of concentration gradient, electrical gradient and permeability for each ion.

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3
Q

3 Classifications of Neuron by Structure

A

Uniaxial: axons & dendrites, soma (cell body) to the side. Typically sensory.

Biaxial: one axon & one dendrite. Special i.e retina & olfactory.

Multiaxial: one axon & 2 or more dendrites. Typically motor.

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4
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves, spinal ganglia, ganglia.

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5
Q

Afferent & Efferent

A

Afferent (Sensory) division of PNS, sensory information from somatic nerve fibres (skin, joints) and visceral nerve fibres (visceral organs) to the CNS.

Efferent (Motor) division of the PNS, motor signals from the CNS to effectors.
- 2 Branches:
Somatic (to skeletal muscle)
Autonomic (to cardiac, smooth muscle, glands)

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6
Q

Protein Synthesis Pathway

A
  1. DNA transcribes code for protein to mRNA.
  2. mRNA exits the nucleus for the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  3. Ribosomes in the rough ER translate code from mRNA into amino acid sequence for synthesis of proteins.
  4. Proteins travel in membranous vesicles to Golgi Apparatus for storage, sorting and packaging.
  5. Vesicles are transported from Golgi Complex to Plasma Membrane where proteins are released via exocytosis.
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7
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution has higher osmolarity of non-penetrating solutes than to cell.

Cells will shrink.

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8
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

A primary active transport simultaneously driving Na+ out of the cell against a steep concentration gradient and pumping K+ in at a ratio of 3 Na+ to 2 K+ ions.

This process helps stabilise resting membrane potential.

  1. Na+ ions & ATP bond to pump.
  2. ATP splits and phosphorylates the pump causing it to change shape.
  3. Na+ is released and K+ binds to the new shape.
  4. As pump de-phosphorylates the voltage gated channel reverts back to original formation. Releasing K+ ions.
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9
Q

Common Joint Injuries

A

Sprain, dislocation, cartilage tear.

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10
Q

Achilles Tendon

A

Inserts into plantaris, medial and lateral gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus.

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11
Q

3 Layers of Skeletal Muscle Connective Tissue

A
  1. Epimysium: dense & irregular, surrounds entire muscle.
  2. Perimysium: fibrous & dense, surrounds fascicles (groups of muscle fibres).
  3. Endomysium: fine areolar, surrounds each muscle fibre.
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12
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Differences in concentration across two areas.

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13
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue membranes external ti brain and spinal cord. Covers and protects CNS, blood vessels, encloses venous sinuses, contains CSF, forms partitions in the skull.

  1. Dura mater: superficial
  2. Arachnoid mater: medial
  3. Pia mater: deep
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14
Q

Nerve & Ganglia

Tract & Nuclei

A

Nerves: bundles of fibres in the PNS receives and sends signals to the CNS.

Ganglia: neuronal bodies in the PNS.

——————————————

Tracts: neural pathways in the brain and spine

Nuclei: cluster neurons in the CNS

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

A form of passive transport.

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity.

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16
Q

5 Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Protect
  3. Produce hormones
  4. Formulate blood cells
  5. Store minerals and fats
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17
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

&

Relative Refractory Period

A

Absolute: Time from opening of Na+ channels until reset. Enforces 1 way transmission of action potential.

Relative: Follows absolute refractory period. Most channels reset. Some still open. Action potential can occur but requires stronger stimulus to reach threshold.

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18
Q

Flexor

&

Crossed Extensor

A

Flexor: withdrawal reflex initiated by painful stimulus.

Crossed extensor: occurs with flexor to maintain balance.
Ipsilateral withdrawal.
Contralateral extensor.

19
Q

Anatomy of the Brain

A

Cerebrum:
- Cerebral cortex (grey matter, mostly cell bodies and dendrites)
- Internal white matter (mostly myelinated axons and fibres)
- Basal nuclei (grey matter)

LOBES
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital

20
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

A

Extends from the medulla oblongata. Two way communication.
Reverse from brain. White matter superficial, grey matter deep.

Nerves connect via roots.
- Dorsal root (Sensory)
- Ventral root (Motor)

21
Q

Arthritis

A

Osteo: chronic degenerative bone disease. “Wear and tear”. More cartilage is destroyed that replaced.

Rheumatoid: chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Inflammation of synovial membrane, erodes cartilage and forms scar tissue.

22
Q

4 Functions of Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Produces movement
  2. Maintains posture
  3. Stabilise joints
  4. Generates heat
23
Q

Quadriceps

A
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus medialis
  • Bicep femoris
24
Q

3 Connective Tissue Compartments of the Peripheral Nerve

A

Shielding barriers for the impulse-conducting elements of a nerve.

Endoneurium: surrounds the entire nerve
Perineurium: surrounds fascicles
Endoneurium: surrounds singlular axon/fibre

25
Q

Spinal & Cranial Nerves

A

Spinal: originate in the spinal cord.

Cranial: originate in the brain.
- olfactory
- occulomotor
- optic
- trigeminal
- trochlear
- abducens
- accessory
- vagus
- facial
- vestibocochlear
- glossopharyngeal
- hypoglossal

26
Q

Graded Potential

A

Change in membrane potential relative to resting membrane potential.

27
Q

Action Potential

A

Brief reversal of membrane potential.
The main way neurons transmit signals. Involves opening of specific voltage gates channels.

28
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Degrades toxic materials at a cellular level.

29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell. Organelle I’m which processes of respiration and energy production occur.

30
Q

ATP

A

Source of energy for storage and use at a cellular level.

31
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids that make up the semipermeable membrane facing the ICF and ECF.

Hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids are sandwiched together inside.

32
Q

Classifications of Joints by Function

A

Synarthrosis: no movement, fibrous and cartilaginous.

Amphiarthrosis: little movement, fibrous and cartilaginous.

Diarthrosis: free movement, synovial.
- Nonaxial: sliding
- Uniaxial: movement across one plane
- Biaxial: movement across two planes
- Triaxial: movement across three planes

33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Curved sacs in the cell that transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum.

34
Q

Classification of Joints by Structure

A

Fibrous: collagen fibres

Cartilaginous: cartilage

Synovial: fluid filled cavity
1. Jaw
2. Shoulders
3. Elbows
4. Hips
5. Knees

35
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord.

36
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

The body’s chemical messengers. Transmits messages between neurons and from neurons to muscles.

Electrical signal converts to chemical signal (neurotransmitter) which triggers electrical signal.

37
Q

Somatic region of Efferent Division of PNS

A

Stimulates skeletal muscle

38
Q

Autonomic region of Efferent Division of PNS

A

Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

  • Parasympathetic: promotes maintenance “rest & repose”
  • Sympathetic: mobilises activity “fight or flight”
39
Q

Leg Bones

A

Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

40
Q

Synovial Joint Structure

A
  1. Articulate cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Articulate capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
    - synovial membrane
  5. Ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
41
Q

Arm Bone

A

Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

42
Q

Pelvis

A

Hip girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis)
Sacrum
Coccyx

43
Q

Planes

A

Saggital (median): left - right

Frontal (coronal): anterior - posterior

Transverse (horizontal): superior - inferior

BIOM1060 (1 decks)

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