Midterm 1 Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
One Health uses a ____ approach.
A
Preventative
2
Q
Define “Health”
A
World Health Organization (WHO) definition: “health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and NOT merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
3
Q
“Health” in animals
A
- absence of disease or normal functioning of an organism
- normal behavior
- productivity (production animals)
- healthy living environment
- good animal welfare
4
Q
The 5 domains of animal welfare
A
- nutrition
- environment
- health
- behavior
- mental state
- # 1-4 all affect mental state
5
Q
Define “Disease Animal”
A
A disorder of structure or function in an animal, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and include physical injury.
6
Q
How does One Health Triad come together?
A
- more people live in close contact
- close contact, climate change, land = more opportunities for disease passing between animals and humans
- increased travel of people, animals, and animal products increase spread of disease
- Collaboration across sectors aim to achieve the best health outcomes for the globe
7
Q
Goals of One Health
A
- Collaborating: encouraging collaboration and interaction between multiple disciplines
- Communicating: working on multiple levels to see how levels work together and separately
- Coordinating: to improve and maintain good health
8
Q
One Health Umbrella
A
- the European model
- focus more on animal and human health, lacking a strong environmental concept
- more detailed and complex than One Health Triad
9
Q
Name a few components of One Health
A
- systems approach
- One Medicine
- ‘6 degrees of one health’ concept
- Transdisciplinary teamwork
10
Q
Hippocrates (400 BCE)
A
- the father of human medicine
- took the preventative approach
- environment focused
11
Q
Rudolf Virchow (1812-1902)
A
- modern father of the One Health movement
- linkages between human and veterinary medicine
- zoonosis
12
Q
James Steele (1913-2013)
A
- good animal health is important for human health
- epidemiology of zoonotic disease; One Health initiative
- veterinary public health division
13
Q
Calvin Schawbe (1927-2006)
A
- veterinary epidemiologist - One Medicine
- Department of epidemiology and preventative medicine at UC Davis vet school
14
Q
6 degrees of One Health
A
Focuses on how all life on Earth is connected
15
Q
Thinking about the case study involving bats and White-nose Syndrome includes all 3 components of One Health in this case study:
A
Reduced bat population,
increased number of insects & thus pesticide use,
increased number of human illnesses caused by mosquito-borne pathogens
16
Q
One Health involves problems that are complex which require coming together = _____ Approach
A
Systems
17
Q
What is the Systems Approach?
A
- tool used to approach complex health issues
- no boundaries
- often uncertainty
- teamwork
18
Q
What are the 3 types of collaborative teamwork?
A
- Multidisciplinary: adding knowledge from one field to solve problems in another
- Interdisciplinary: combing multiple disciplines
- Transdisciplinary: creates new knowledge using multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary
- remember that multi and inter don’t create new knowledge!
19
Q
The traditional biomedical model focuses on ____ and _____.
A
- physical aspects of illness
- pathological changes caused by disease
20
Q
Holistic medicine is common in _____ models and approaches
A
Non-traditional (One Health Model)
21
Q
Reductionist medicine is common in ______ models and approaches
A
Traditional (Biomedical model)
22
Q
What is the Focus of the Non-traditional approach (One Health)?
A
The focus is understanding that disease and illness are complex .
23
Q
What is the Cause of the Non-traditional approach (One health)?
A
The cause is there is not one factor at play, but complex interactions between multiple factors.
24
Q
What is the Treatment of the Non-traditional approach (One health)?
A
The treatment is multifactorial, multidimensional, and multimodal approach.
25
What is the Approach of the Non-traditional (One Health)?
The approach is Holistic meaning team approach, broad systems view by all healthcare providers.
26
What are the major challenges of Non-traditional approach (One health)?
- often difficult to apply scientific models with several contributing factors and areas of expertise.
- can be costly and time consuming.
- relies on new medical treatments and philosophies.
27
What is the Traditional Approach (Biomedical model)?
- strictly concerned with organ malfunction and pathology.
- medicine concerned with physical aspects of illness
- doesn't consider the broader context within which the individual exists (animals, humans, environment)
28
What are the Focuses of the Traditional approach (Biomedical model)?
- physical aspects of illness
| - pathological changes caused by disease
29
What are the Causes of the Traditional approach (Biomedical model)?
- external factors invade the body
| - disease is beyond the control of the individual
30
What is the Treatment of the Traditional approach (Biomedical model)?
Healthcare providers --> diagnostics --> fix the problem (medications and surgery)
31
What is the Approach of the Traditional approach (Biomedical model)?
The approach is Reductionist meaning look at each individual part and not the whole --> mechanistic, inflexible
- body --> organs --> cells
32
What are the major challenges of the Traditional approach (Biomedical model)?
- costly without addressing the contributing factor which results in reoccurring diseases and adverse health outcomes
- ignores important external factors that lead to disease and poor health
- rewards procedures that are short term instead of the overall process
33
Define "Animal Environment, animal health management"
Anything external to the animal that impacts its health and welfare.
- remember One Health wants to Prevent disease, not just treat.
34
How does human decision-making impact animal health and disease?
Humans have a huge influence on animal health through controlled environments such as:
- animal husbandry and management
- nutrition and water quality
- waste management
- biosecurity practices
35
Why do semi-intensive farms have some kind of outdoor access, but intensive farms do not?
Because animals in intensive farms are close contact which results in a higher risk of disease and disease transfer compared to semi-intensive farms here animals have a little more space. And feasibility!
36
Who decides what happens to animals in production systems?
Variety of stakeholders! Such as farms (majority in decision making), community, district/city, catchment, national, international.
- A lot of collaboration!
37
What are the 5 major factors of environmental animal health (One Health approach)?
1. general husbandry
2. biosecurity protocols
3. nutrition
4. housing, ventilation, shade
5. behavioral needs (not human controlled)
38
Define "General husbandry" in an environmental animal health standpoint.
Basic measures that are taken by producers and facility staff to reduce disease risk to animals, either individually or at the group level.
- changes based on type of environment.
39
What are some components of general husbandry?
- avoid/minimize mixing animals (possibly quarantine to prevent spread)
- stocking/density levels (close contact = easy disease spread)
- access to food and water
- impact of climate/ weather events (important because it can change animals physiologically)
- veterinary treatments (looking more at preventative, but also reactive)
- removal of waste
- handling and procedures
40
Define "Biosecurity" in an environmental animal health standpoint.
Protocols put in place to prevent or minimize the introduction and/or spread of harmful organisms.
41
What are the 5 major ways disease causing pathogens can be introduced?
1. people - direct and indirect
2. fomites - objects/materials (think of clothing transferring disease)
3. animals - animal to animal and mixing right away
4. contaminated feed and water (increased risk due to feed traveling)
5. environmental exposure (think of water in the environment that can spread disease)
- remember these are not mutually exclusive, can have a combination of disease spreading!
42
Providing animals with high quality healthy food, is a way to _____ spread of communicable disease and ______ immune function.
Reduce; improve
43
An animal’s behavior ______ impact risk of disease
Does
44
The global action plan for reducing antimicrobial resistance __________medically important antimicrobials in production animals for preventing diseases that have not been clinically diagnosed.
Restricts the use of
45
Any new antibiotic that is developed for human use:
- is considered critically important for people
| - should not be used in food animals
46
What are the aspects of epidemiology?
- uses a non-traditional health approach
- quantifies the prevalence of disease
- Maps out the distribution of disease
- Investigates potential determinants of disease
47
Mastitis in dairy cows is caused by what type of pathogenic agent?
Bacteria
48
Epidemiologists aim to _____ the epidemiological triad and _____ of infectious diseases.
Disrupt one side of; break that transmission cycle
49
Assessing the impact of disease on society is an objective of epidemiology, and is based on knowledge of all of _______.
- animal welfare
- Resources needed to control the disease
- Prevalence of disease
50
Ways to reduce spread of harmful pathogens - People and Fomites
- PPE
- wear facility dedicated clothes
- footbath
- shower in/shower out
- disinfect/sterilize all new equipment and materials
50
Ways to reduce spread of harmful pathogens - People and Fomites
- PPE
- wear facility dedicated clothing
- footbath
- shower in/shower out
- disinfect/sterilize all new equipment and materials
51
Ways to reduce spread of harmful pathogens - Animals
- new animals must be isolated, undergo a veterinary health check
- vaccination and other requirements for all animals
- routine health checks and diagnostic testing
52
Ways to reduce spread of harmful pathogens - Contaminated Feed and Water
- know where your animal's food and water come from
- look for open food bags and ways pathogens can get in
- think about how the food/water is stored and how long it stays stagnant
- test for contaminants
53
Ways to reduce spread of harmful pathogens - Environmental exposure
- think about the ecosystem in which animals are exposed
- chemical, physical, and biological methods for reducing pathogen exposure.
- insecticides and disinfectants, heating, anaerobic composing (an organism that destroys pathogens)
- managing wildlife in the area - culling, chemical control, etc.
54
Environment animal health management - Nutrition
- highly human controlled
- key to ensuring health and productivity
- good nutrition can improve health, reduce risk of disease, improve immune function, and improve production parameters in production animals
- poor nutrition results in poor: physical condition, immune function, GI problems, reduced productivity, and reduce welfare
* we must be knowledgeable on species specific nutritional needs
55
Environment animal health management - Housing, Ventilation, and Shade (Confined indoors)
- reliable supply of high-quality food and water
- good waste management
- adequate ventilation and humidity control (40-70%)
56
Environment animal health management - Housing, Ventilation, and Shade (Living outside or outdoor access)
- prone to accidents, predation, and increased risk to injuries, disease, and death
- partial or full shelter is important: protection from the elements, potentially life saving
- adequate access to food and water increase survival and productivity
57
How to reduce humidity levels?
Mitigation: stocking density, improve ventilation and humidity control, litter material, reduce water consumption (reduced urine output)
58
Why is it important to satisfying animals Biological Needs?
- many links between behavior and animal health
- behavior is important for identifying illness and disease because changes in behavior can indicate illness such as:
- postural change, reduced eating/drinking, changes in activity levels, etc.
59
Problems arise if the animal's housing is _____ to their needs = _____ health and welfare.
Not suited; Poor
60
Define "Environmental Enrichment"
Adding something that acts to enhance the level of physical, mental, and social stimulation in a captive environment.
- gives them the opportunity to perform highly motivated species-specific behaviors
61
Lack of environmental enrichment can lead to:
abnormal behavior, chronic stress, unwanted behaviors, pathological brain conditions, increased risk of disease, and reduced life span.
62
A _____ One Health view allows us to better understand the different factors that impact animal health and welfare.
Comprehensive (and holistic)
63
Define "Antimicrobial"
A medicine that inhibits growth or destroys microorganisms.
64
Define "Antibiotic"
Type of antimicrobial that inhibits the growth of, or destroys, bacteria.
65
Define " Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)"
When bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death
66
What is the largest threat to global health?
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
67
Who does AMR negatively affect?
Humans, animals, and plats
68
How are superbugs created and what are they?
AMR creates these superbugs, which are microbes that are highly resistant to existing antimicrobials and they cause infections that are not treatable.
69
What are the 3 major ways antibiotics are used in animals?
1. Growth promotion
2. Prophylactic (Preventative) use of antibiotics
3. Treatment
70
What is growth promotion?
- intensive livestock production
- controls infections indirectly - through low subtherapeutic dose
- added to feed/water
- results in increased weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization
