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Bio 151 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Variation of traits within population
  • Traits are heritable
  • Certain traits allow for better survival
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2
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that

  • Are physically similar, distinct w/ stable descent
  • Can interbreed in nature if sexually reproductive
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3
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All living organisms are made of cells

- All cells are produced by other cells

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4
Q

Cells Need To

A
  • Transform matter
  • Acquire, store, produce NRG
  • Stay organized and coordinate w/ other cells
  • Acquire, save, and pass on information
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5
Q

Diffusion

A

Move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

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6
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • Adhesion (btwn water and polar molecule)
  • Cohesion (water and water)
  • High specific heat
  • Solid less dense than liquid
  • Ionizes
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7
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A
  • H2O prefers to bind to H2O over nonpolar/hydrophobic molecules
  • Maximize water-water interaction
  • Minimize water-hydrophobic interaction
  • Pushes hydrophobic molecules together
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8
Q

Carbon Containing Molecules

A
  • Structure and movement
  • Reactants
  • NRG storage in bonds
  • Control of chemical reactions
  • Important because C can form long chains and makes 4 bonds
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9
Q

Anabolic

A

Build large molecules from small molecules

Takes NRG, endergonic

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10
Q

Catabolic

A

Break down molecule into smaller molecules

Releases NRG, exergonic

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11
Q

Carbohydrates:

  • Monomer
  • Polymer
  • Bond
  • Elements
A
  • Monosaccharide
  • Polysaccharide
  • Glycosidic Linkage
  • C, H, O
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12
Q

Carbohydrate Functions

A
  • NRG storage

- Structural Support

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13
Q

Nucleic Acids:

  • Monomer
  • Polymer
  • Bond
  • Elements
A
  • Nucleotide
  • Polynucleotide
  • Phosphodiester Bond
  • C, N, P
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14
Q

Nucleic Acid Functions

A
  • Store genetic info
  • Ribozymes
  • Energy
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15
Q

Proteins:

  • Monomer
  • Polymer
  • Bond
  • Elements
A
  • Amino Acids
  • Polypeptide
  • Peptide Bond
  • C, N, S
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16
Q

Protein Functions

A
  • Structural Support
  • Enzymes
  • Regulators
  • Pumps and Motors
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17
Q

Primary Sequence

A

Specific sequence of amino acids in a linear string

18
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Folding into alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Hydrogen bonding of carboxyl and amino groups

19
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Other types of folding (involving R groups)

20
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Non peptide bonds between different polypeptide chains

21
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell

and higher concentration of H2O outside

22
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of solute outside of the cell

Lower concentration of H2O outside

23
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of H2O from high concentration to low concentration

Hypotonic: H2O flows into cell
Hypertonic: H2O flows out of cell

24
Q

Isotonic

A

Same concentration of solute inside and outside of cell

25
Q

Inhibit Enzyme Activity by

A
  • Blocking active site (competitive)

- Changing its shape (allosteric)

26
Q

Lipid Functions

A
  • Store and release energy
  • Make membranes
  • Signals (steroids as hormones)
27
Q

Lipid Bilayer Permeable to

A
  • Nonpolar molecules
  • Dissolved gases
  • H2O
  • Small polar molecules
28
Q

Lipid Bilayer Impermeable to

A
  • Large polar molecules

- Ions

29
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • Pores or carrier proteins
  • With the gradient (high –> low)
  • No NRG input
30
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Against the gradient (low –> high)

- Requires NRG (from chemical reactions ATP, electrons)

31
Q

Cotransport

A
  • Secondary transport
  • Facilitated diffusion fo one molecule drives active transport of a second
  • Needs NRG to work pump

Symporter –> same direction
Antiporter –> opposite direction

32
Q

Vesicles

A

Small membrane-bound compartments inside cells

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Pinch off substance from outside cell

- outside to inside

34
Q

Exocytosis

A

Fusion releases vesicle contents outside cell

- inside to outside

35
Q

Semi-autonomous

A
  • Reproduce in cells by fission
  • Have many molecules/structures that resemble bacteria
  • Mitochondria/Chloroplasts have DNA in circular chromosomes
  • Ribosomes make proteins
36
Q

Endosymbiont

A
  • Theory for origin of semi-autonomous organelles

- One organism living in another

37
Q

Chloroplasts

A

produce ATP from sunlight and CO2

38
Q

Respiriation

A

6 O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NRG

  • Glycolysis
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
39
Q

Gylocolysis

A
  1. Needs phosphates from 2 x ATPs
  2. Produce 4 x ATP, electrons in 2 x NADH, 2 x 3-carbon pyruvate
  3. Yield = 2 x ATP and 2 x NADH
40
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

Pyruvate loses 1 x C as CO2 as it binds to Coenzyme A to make Acetyl CoA

Bio 151 (4 decks)

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