MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the fancy name for domesticated dog?
A
canis familiaris
2
Q
What are cats and dogs classified as?
A
taxonomically as carnivora (feliformia and caniformia suborders)
3
Q
What were the first carnivores referred to as?
A
the miacidae family (tree dwelling predators that were small and slender like weasels) – ancestors for cats and dogs
4
Q
What is the oldest ancestor of the domestic cat?
A
viveravines
5
Q
Where and when was the dog domesticated?
A
12-15,000 years ago in asia
6
Q
What is the closest living relative to the domestic dog?
A
the grey wolf canis lupus
7
Q
What is the difference between domestication and tameness?
A
domestication: on a pop/species level (takes a long time and isn’t visible)
Tameness: individual level
8
Q
What happened with the silver fox experiment?
A
foxes began showing signs of domestication including tail wagging, eye and coat colour changes and physical/behavioural changes (floppy ears, etc.)
9
Q
Qualitative vs quantitative behaviour
A
qualitative: types of behaviour
quantitative: degree to which an animal shows the behaviour
10
Q
What is social referencing?
A
mirroring its owner (synchronicity)
11
Q
What are some characteristics and examples of sporting breeds?
A
- pointers, setters, retrievers and spaniels
- game on land and in water
- highly energetic and active
- highly trainable and social
- low aggressive reactivity
12
Q
What are some characteristics and examples of hound breeds?
A
- for hunting (scent and sight)
- independent and work ahead
- typically gentle and quiet
13
Q
What are some characteristics and examples of working breeds?
A
- akita, boxer, rottweiler, husky, etc.
- guard property/livestock, pull sleds or perform water rescues
- high reactivity but medium to high in aggression
- bond strongly and highly trainable
14
Q
What are some characteristics and examples of terrier breeds?
A
- mini schnauzer, wire fox terrier, bull terrier, etc.
- find and kill small rodents
- need little direction
- low to medium trainability and high reactivity
- increased inter dog aggression
- strong predatory response (almost cat like)
15
Q
What are some characteristics and examples of toy breeds?
A
- chihuahua, pekinese, pug, poodle, shih tzu, etc.
- retain behaviours of their larger forefathers
- subordinate nature and neotenized (jeuvenile retentive) features
- probably the first true companion dogs
- high trainability
16
Q
What are some characteristics and examples of herding breeds?
A
- move livestock
- highly trainable
- bond strongly
- highly reactive
- strong chase instinct
17
Q
What are canidae considered?
A
opportunistic scavengers
18
Q
What is coprophagy?
A
when they ingest feces
- not good in dogs as they are not hind gut fermenters
- more in small than large but not always
19
Q
Is a dogs vision or smell better?
A
typically smell – vision is 6x less good than humans
20
Q
How do dogs see colour
A
- dichromatic vision (yellow and blue well, red and green less so)
- better at distinguishing between greys than humans
21
Q
When does a dogs vision mature?
A
at 4 months of age
22
Q
Panoramic vs binocular vision
A
pan: the peripheral range (typically 250-270/360)
- determined by skull shape
bin: where both eyes overlap in between (depth perception – where the eyes are set meaning if closer = increased)
23
Q
What is a dogs predominant sense?
A
smell
24
Q
How many scent receptors for a dog vs human?
A
dog: 220 million (44x more)
human: 5 million
25
A dogs scent success depends on what?
temp, humidity, wind and age of the trail
26
What is the vomeronasal organ?
it detects pheromones for the identification of sexual receptivity (heat)
- right under the lip
- known as flemans response in cats, horses, sheep, etc. but not seen as often in dogs
27
What do anal sac secretions help other dogs distinguish?
age, sex, and/or genetic differences (possibly)
28
What is it called when a sexually responsive horse, etc. raises his top lip
flemans response
29
What makes a dogs ear good for hearing?
cupped shape, need to be able to hear prey (can hear ultrasound)
30
What does crepuscular mean?
most active at dawn and dusk
31
What is dinural?
active during the day, sleep at night (like dogs with humans)
32
What is polyphasic sleeping?
multiple bouts of sleep per night
33
When would dogs dream?
during REM
34
When does hierarchy begin in dogs?
around 5-6 weeks but can be as early as 3-4
35
What are other ways modern dogs "fight"?
through posturing and vocalizations (weight more important in male dogs)
36
What determines rank when breeds are of similar size?
breed temperament
37
What are some examples of a submissive posture?
- crouching
- tail wagging
- rolling on the back
- overall looking small
38
What are some arousal postures?
- become aggressive
- ears back
- tail up
- snarling
- play soliciting behaviour
- overall looking big
39
What are the 4 ways dogs communicate?
1. body postures
2. vocalizations
3. facial expressions
4. scent marking
40
Where are scent markers located?
butt/genitals, urine, foot pads and ears
41
What does allelomimetic behaviour mean?
when multiple animals do the same thing at the same time (similar to social facilitation)
42
When does urine marking frequency increase and what type indicates dominance?
during estrus or to more assertive animals that lift their leg
43
Why do dogs roll?
it was a residual behaviour from their ancestors, do it to make themselves strong smelling to indicate to other dogs that they are higher ranking
44
What does tail wagging MOST LIKELY indicate?
- distribute odours for recognition
- visual cue of peace
- context specific
- confidence
- anxiousness/nervousness
- threat of aggression
- arousal
45
When do dogs sexually mature vs wolves
dogs at 7-8 months, wolves at 22 months
46
How often do females come into heat per year (are diestrus) and when is their first time?
twice and typically around 6-12 months of age
47
How long is a dogs gestation period?
63 days
48
What are the 4 stages of the estrous cycle?
1. proestrus (2 weeks)
- bloody discharge
- restless
- increased attentiveness to males
2. Estrus (10-21 days)
- receptive to mating
- length dependent on whether she mates or not
3. Metestrus (2 months)
- may be the period of pregnancy
- pseudo pregnancies are common among dogs here
4. Anestrus (4-5 months)
- reproductive inactivity
49
What is the lordosis stance?
when a female is receptive to mating, she elevates her rump, lifts her tail and stands while the male mounts
50
What is the tie/lock
When the male turns so the couple stand tail to tail
- can last 5-60 mins
51
What typically happens to a female right before parturition?
- becomes restless
- seeks seclusion
- nest building
52
What are the 2 first signs of labour?
panting and vaginal discharge
53
What is dystocia?
slow/difficult labour/birth
54
How do puppies get to the teats?
guided by olfactory cues and maternal nudging
- suckle within an hour of birth
- get cleaned by mom while nursing
55
When are puppies weaned from their mother?
suckle for 3-4 weeks then get weaned by mom cause by week 5, milk supply will decrease
- as seen in wolves, can see the mom regurgitating food for her young to help wean them
FULLY WEANED BY 8 WEEKS
56
What does altricial mean?
born in a relatively helpless state and needing lots of maternal care (can't see/hear and motor abilities are limited)
- vs precocial meaning they don't need as much help from the mother
57
Are there a set order for teats for puppies?
no -- but there is one in cats/piglets
58
What are the 5 stages of development for puppies?
1. Prenatal period
- during gestation (from conception to parturition)
2. Neonatal period
- between 0-14 days of age
- relies on mother for suckling, elimination and comfort
- most of the time spent feeding and sleeping
- eyes and ears are closed and non functional relying on senses of smell, taste and touch
- motor abilities are limited and reflex driven
- vocalizing to alert or seek attention
3. Transitional period
- 14-21 days of age
- rapid neurological and physical change period
- opening of eyes at day 13 and ear canals between 18-20 days old
- no longer relies on mom for elimination
- more advanced motor movements
- interact with the other puppies and might play fight or wag their tails
***senses mature and behaviours are more obvious***
4. Socialization period
- between 3-10 weeks of age
- onset of more adult patterns of behaviour
- sensory and motor abilities are fully developed
- gradually spends more time away from mom, spends less time feeding and sleeping
- teeth begin to erupt
- weaning around 7-8 weeks
- develops important social bonds with its mother, littermates and people
5. Juvenile period
- 10 weeks to sexual maturity (at around 8 months)
- adult teeth replace milk teeth at about 5 months (first bottom, then top then molars)
- removed from moms at the start of this period and continue to develop social relationships with humans and other animals
- behaviour is similar to the socialization period but more advanced and controlled
- puberty occurs gradually in males whereas it is more sudden in females at their first heat
59
What indicates puppies wanna play?
the play bow with play sequences
60
When is the most crucial development period for puppies?
between 4-16 weeks for socialization and exposure
61
Are there more dogs or cats as pets?
cats
62
How were the first domesticated cats most likely introduced?
in grain storage barns for ancient Egyptians about 4500 years ago
- had mice and rodents
- protected nest sites in agricultural communities for the moms to raise kittens
- naturally selected those ok with the presence of other cats and that were less fearful of humans
63
What are some characteristics of an african wildcat?
- solitary species and shy of humans
- adults live separate lives and use established territories
64
What is a feral cat?
a domesticated cat thats been released back into the open
65
How do free living male cats behave?
- very solitary
- travel between groups to mate
- found on the periphery
- no distinct social hierarchy between males
66
What is allo and what forms of "allo" do we see between cats within groups?
allo = whatever comes after is reciprocated
- grooming and rubbing and other affiliative behaviours
67
How do cats show differences between one another?
Less seen in behaviours but more seen in coat colour, coat type or anatomical mutations (short legs/folded ears)
- some behav diff but not much
68
What aids cats with their night vision?
a tapetum lucidum behind the retina that reflects light
- also, pupil opens much wider than a humans which also helps
- changes in aperture
69
When does a cats vision/light blink reflex develop?
vision: day 17
LBR: day 21 (takes exposure to light for muscles to develop)
70
When does a cat start hearing?
around 4 weeks old
- range of 10-60KHz (above 20 is ultrasonic)
71
How has a cats hearing adapted to hunting small prey>
- outer ear can be directed towards a sound
- ear pinna can rotate 180 degrees
- uses both ears to locate
- shaped like a satellite
- ultrasonic hearing
72
How do cats use their smell?
- for ID and communication in adults
- mark home territory
- very dependant on it for other things such as: appetite, toilet habits and courtship
73
Home range vs home territory?
home territory is within the home range -- range is where they travel during normal activities
74
What is anosmia?
the loss of smell
75
What happens if a low ranking cat comes into contact with a high ranking cat?
if its a narrow passageway, the less dominant animal will sit and wait without looking at it while it passes
76
What is mutual gaze and why is it important?
when a cat looks at another one, can be interpreted as a threat signal (will monitor one another but won't look at one another)
77
What is the socialization period?
a time when all primary social bonds are formed -- most important period during a cats life (same as in dogs)
- interaction with other cats/adults will help them later on in life
78
Epimeletic vs Etepimeletic
epi: care giving behaviour (between mother and kittens)
ete: care seeking behaviour (kitten in new environment)
79
What is the point of a cat scratching?
- scratches tree or furniture
- behavioural need (can't prevent it from happening)
- leaves a visible cue and foot gland secretions (detected by an intruder)
- can be while stretching after waking
- the longer it serves as a scratching medium, the more important it is to the cat (claims object)
80
What is the point of a cat spraying?
- backing up, raising the tail (trembles) and sprays urine (spritzes) on a vertical object (ideal height for sniffing)
- usually done by tomcats
- objects usually along territorial boundaries (mark territory)
- serves to bring the male and female together during the breeding season
- affiliative behaviour
81
What is the point of cheek/head rubbing for cats?
- against a chair, table or persons leg
- has scent glands along the tail, each side of its forehead and on the lips/chin
- tactile communication
- rubbing on human once acknowledged is more common
82
Which areas do cats often use to rub against one another?
the flank and tail
83
How is marking done in feral cats?
in front of conspecifics (other animals of the same species) possibly as a display of dominance (don't do it as much with random objects as domesticated cats do_
84
How often is a cat grooming and why?
- 30% or more of waking time
- ***most important function: to maintain healthy skin (removes parasites and dander)
- face washing, scratching the hair, coat and skin with claws, licking the fur and pulling at the claws with the teeth
- do it when frustrated to help reduce anxiety (deep tissue touch for endorphins)
- can do it together if in groups
85
What are the 3 basic categories of cats postures/facial expressions?
1. offensive threat: stares with their body poised to attack (ready to go forward)
2. defensive threat: back arched, fur fluffed and tail straight up (approaches sideways with prancing steps to look bigger/fiercer) -- stands ground
3. passive crouch: tail down passively to appease an aggressor
86
Why do cats purr?
as a response to pleasurable contact -- developed as a kitten when full of milk and kneading the mammary tissues (causes salivation then sleep)
87
Why do cats meow?
for greeting (generally only towards humans)
88
Why do cats growl/yowl?
for aggression
89
Why do cats hiss/spit?
a defensive reaction
90
What type of ovulators are cats?
induced ovulators (mate then ovulate)
- polyestrus so can mate with numerous males in one estrus period
91
What can be seen after copulating?
may become aggressive towards the male, can roll and rub herself on the floor and can give a copulatory cry when the male mounts
92
Where do female cats typically try to give birth?
in a dark and quiet place
93
What family is catnip in?
mint family
94
How long does a response to catnip last?
5-15 mins
95
What is catnip triggered by?
an active ingredient called nepetalactone (mediated through the olfactory system)
96
What are some responses a cat can have to catnip?
can be: stimulated, daze off, have no effect or be aggressive
97
What is an ethogram table?
has the names of behaviours with a description (can have lots of labels for same description)
98
What is an ethogram table?
has the names of behaviours with a description (can have lots of labels for same description)
99
What 2 things can affect the names of behaviours on ethogram tables?
1. unique jargon to the species
2. regional differences in terms
100
What is the horses ancestor?
a pony shaped mongolian wild horse called the prezwalski horse (e prezwalski)
- eurasian lowlands of the mountain ranges
- VERY active horses (>80% of the time)
101
What happened to the prezwalski?
bottle neck event occurred and only 11 nucleus animals are left now
102
What is a common comparison/replacement that we use for prezwalskis?
use feral horses instead for behaviour comparisons (mustangs roaming north america)
103
Why is the horses long nose good?
allows it to graze while surveilling over the grass
104
What does the horse use instead of horns/antlers?
relies on caution speed and agility (hypervigilant animals that are rarely isolated***)
105
What type of feeder is the horse?
a trickle feeder that forages often (generalist herbivore)
- eats then moves (doesn't eat then stay in the same place like cows)
106
When does the horse often feed more?
at dawn and in the late afternoon -- eats less when its too warm out (increase temp = decrease foraging)
107
What is the horses vision like?
- panoramic vision of 330-350 degrees
- binocular vision of 60-70 degrees
- image magnification is 50% better than humans
- good distance vision
- blind spot directly behind the animal
- visual field affected by level the head is at
- have night and dichromatic vision
- good with grey, bad with distinguishing green with grey
108
What is a horses sense of taste like?
can discriminate between safe and toxic plants with variable accuracy (toxic = bitter)
- might also be able to detect trace minerals
109
How do horses respond to touch?
they're very sensitive, especially around the muzzle and ears (and even so around the eyes, groin and bulbs of the heels)
- sensitive to the presence of others at their sides
110
Where are the horses allogrooming areas?
common along the mane -- less so over the back and rump -- even less so along the shoulders and underside of the neck
111
What are some grooming styles you see in horses?
- rolling
- shaking
- rubbing
- scratching
- nibbling (back and forelegs)
112
What are harem groups?
typically consist of 1 male, numerous females and young horses
113
What are bachelor groups?
groups of young excess males that leave their natal band at around 0.7-3.9 years of age (depending on group dynamics)
114
Who mostly breeds with the females?
the harem males
115
What does stability of the harem group depend on?
- herding instinct of the stallion
- social attachment between harem members (a strong one)
- protection/rejection of intruders
116
How is dominanace expressed?
through threats to bite or kick or actually doing it
117
In domesticated groups, how is dominance expressed?
in competitive situations such as through a restricted food source
118
What types of hierarchies are expressed in small vs large herds of horses?
small: linear hierarchies
large: triangular hierarchies
119
What affects rank among horses?
height or body weight
120
What type of sexual behaviour do horses express?
seasonally polyestrus -- long day breeders and the estrus will begin to decrease at the height of the breeding season
121
How do you know if a mare is unreceptive?
she'll kick, squeal and lay back her ears when the stallion approaches
122
How do you know when a mare is receptive?
she will:
- stand still
- spread her hind legs
- lift the tail to a side
- lowers the pelvis
- exposes the tissue of the vulva and winks it
- urinates
123
How do horses exhibit foreplay?
the male will smell, nibble and lick the mare and exhibit the flehmen response with his top lip
124
When does copulation typically occur in dogs?
around between 15 months and 3 years but males can become interested as young as 3 months
125
How do they collect semen from horses?
safer to use a dummy but often results in a lower sperm count and lower motility of the semen even though a higher concentration might be achieved
126
What is the gestation period for horses?
about 340 + 5 days
127
When does foaling tend to occur in horses?
feral horses: in the morning
domesticated/thoroughbreds: can be both but mentioned at night/towards dawn -- could be due to feeding schedule or predators
128
What happens after birth in horses?
the mare will remain lying down and will nuzzle the foal if within reach -- eventually gets up and nuzzle/lick the foal to begin the bond between them
129
How long will a foal stay with its mother?
up to 2 years, if a second is born normally the first will just fuck off so the mom can look after the newborn
130
What kind of offspring do horses have?
followers (as opposed to hiders which is often seen in litter bearing species) cause the foal follows closely behind the mother
131
What can stabling affect?
can compromise feeding, social and kinetic behaviour and health
- affects feeding choice (10% of time spent feeding vs normally 70% foraging)
132
What happens to horses that have longer periods of confinement?
post-inhibitory rebound (worse behaviours in those locked up than those at pasture)
133
Sternal vs lateral recumbency
sternal: to rest, lying with head up
lateral: lying for deep sleep, lots of pressure on the heart so don't do it for very long, fully lying down
134
What does a horse mostly do?
forages 50-70% of the time
135
What are the 4 stages of horses sleeping patterns?
1. wakefulness
2. drowsiness
3. slow wave sleep (can be done while standing or lying)
4. paradoxical sleep (REM) -- requires lateral recumbancy due to a decreased muscle tone
***polyphasic sleepers
136
What type of sleepers are horses?
polyphasic -- sleep for short durations over multiple time points in a 24 hour period
137
What will influence a horses resting behaviour?
housing and bedding
- pregnant mares in stables sleep/rest more overnight than on pastures
- prefer straw bedding over wood shavings (spent more time recumbent)
138
What are the 2 types of horses and how did they originate?
cold bloods: originate from small, heavily set horses
hot bloods: originate from finer boned horses of up to 150cm
- higher reactivity and athleticism so favoured for racing, performance and sports
- higher rates of problem behaviours in stables
139
What are some example breeds for show jumping?
throroughbreds, draft/TB crosses, welsh cob/tb cross and warm bloods
140
What are some example breeds for dressage?
draft/tb crosses or warm bloods (such as hannoverians, dutch warm blood or lippizzangers)
141
What are some good show jumping characteristics?
agility over fences and against the clock
- obedience
- boldness
- responsiveness
- tendency to tuck in the forelegs and kick back the hind legs when jumping
142
What are some good dressage characteristics?
controlled and powerful execution set of manoeuvres
- responsive
- calm
- classically correct (regular paces/free)
- confident
143
What are some good characteristics of eventing?
combined demos of stamina agility and compliance in dressage
- calm and responsie
144
What are some good breeds for eventing?
thoroughbreds, draft/tb crosses, warm bloods and warm blood crosses
145
What are some good breeds for endurance?
arabians, arabian crosses or appaloosas
146
What are some good characteristics for endurance?
long distance riding and ride and tie events
- bonds well with humans
- calm
- compliant
- drink readily
147
What are some examples of racing?
- flat
- hurdles
- steeple chasing
- arab racing
- quarterhorse racing
148
What are some characteristics of good trotting and pacing breeds and some examples?
standardbreds
- harness racing at the trotting or pacing gait
- tolerant of harness and handling
- desire to run
149
What are some good example breeds for ball sports?
- polo ponies
- stock horses
- small thoroughbreds
- quarterhorses
150
What are some good characteristics of ball sport breeds?
- polo and polocrosse
- reliable
- responsive
- hardworking
- agile
- swift to learn
151
What are some good characteristics and breeds for leisure?
recreational trail riding/trekking/hacking, riding club activities, quadrilles and combined training
- must be adaptable and calm
- any riding breed is good, especially: american saddlebred, quarterhorses, standardbreds and arabian crosses
152
Who was clever hans?
- lived in austria in the 1900s
- arithmetic genius (could count and do basic algebra -- counted out the solution with his hoof) -- needed a cue to stop
- would be rewarded if his foot movements stopped when he detected subtle behaviour changes in human observers (anticipation of answer)
- posture of owner changed when arrived at correct answer (von osten)
153
If a bird is small, what does that mean?
it has a fast metabolism
154
What are some popular bird types kept as pets in the past?
java sparrows in japan and canaries in the US
155
What types of birds are crows?
passerines (perching birds) that are related to ravens (in canada, referred to as the american crow)
156
Where do the american crows breed?
from newfoundland to manitoba and migrate south in the winter
157
What are a group of crows called?
a flock/murder
158
Why are crows so special?
- have good memories and are smart
- lots of behaviours and vocalizations
- mimic noises and learn quickly
159
What do crows eat?
they're omnivorous -- will eat almost anything (scavengers) and will also pirate/steal from others
- can see a sentinel posted while feeding to watch over
160
What are some characteristics of crows nesting?
- between feb and may
- like to be high up
- 4-6 brown speckled blue or greenish eggs incubated by female who is fed by the male for 17-19 days
161
When do young crows fledge?
after around 32-36 days (will jump/get pushed from the nest)
162
What does a more complex social structure often mean?
greater cognitive abilities
163
What are the most dangerous things to crows?
brood losses often result from predation from raccoons, great horned owls, starvation and adverse weather
164
When is the highest mortality time for crows?
right after the juvenile stage (around 5 months of age)
165
How long do crows stay with their parents?
about 5 years (most likely related to the types of foods they eat and social learning)
166
What is food caching for crows?
hiding food for later and watch whether others are watching and move it if they think they are -- starts around 5 months
167
How do crows evade hawks/play?
go straight up in the air and loop-d-loop down -- also attracts mates
168
What are psittacines?
true parrots
169
What are some characteristics of parrots?
curved bill, upright stance and clawed feet -- colourful while the crest is used for display (puff up and strut dance)
170
What is special about the eclectus parrot?
it is the only parrot to show sexual dimorphism (most others show little to no)
171
What are some common parrot pet species?
macaw, amazon, cockatoo, african grey, lovebird, cockatiel, budgies, parakeets and eclectus
172
What are parrots most likely in human years?
akin to a 3 year old (however with lots of emotional and intellectual needs)
173
What is the lifespan of parrots
smaller ones (lovebirds/budgies): 15-20 years
larger ones (cockatoos/amazons/macaws): 80-100
174
What do parrots spend most of their time doing?
being in the tree canopies while perching or climbing -- walk with a rolling gait on the ground (like a bicycle)
175
How do parrots communicate?
through eye contact and body language (evil eye for disapproval) -- reflect owners
176
Are parrots domesticated or no?
NOT domesticated -- even hand raised birds
177
What does a parrots diet mostly consist of?
seeds, nuts, fruits, buds, nectar, pollen and other plant materials (seed predators) -- some may eat insects like cockroaches *OMNIVORES*
178
What does seed predator mean?
only eat the fruit to get to the seed (as opposed to see dispersers)
179
How do parrots eat seeds to prevent toxins?
removes seed coat as they can be poisonous as a form of protection and can consume clay to absorb toxic compounds from the gut
180
What is a special feature about parrots bills?
its not fused to the skull -- helps with biting pressure and leverage for food -- accompanies tongue which manipulates the seeds or reposition nuts so the mandibles can apply the cracking force
181
What type of vision do parrots have?
good peripheral vision, limited binocular
182
What kind of nesters are parrots?
cavity nesters like tree holes or nest boxes (some from australia/new zealand nest on the ground) (don't have any territory other than their nest)
183
Where are most parrots from?
the australasian and south american regions
184
What is movement like for parrots?
most aren't fully sedentary or fully migratory, most are in the middle
185
What type of breeders are parrots?
monogamous breeders -- have mating pairs (very close with one another)
- use allopreening (grooming to help maintain the bond)
186
What do courtship displays look like in parrots?
the male will take slow and deliberate steps known as the parade or stately walk while showing the eye blaze (pupil of the eye constricts to reveal the edge of the iris)
187
Are parrots precocial or altricial?
altricial (vs chickens for ex which are precocial)
188
What is the early life of parrots like?
- spend 3-4 weeks with mom in the nest and can receive additional care for a couple months after
- social learning with siblings
- foraging behaviour learnt from parents
- play (solitary, motor skills or social) by doing play fights or practicing predator evasion
189
What can happen to a parrot if it doesn't receive adequate stimuli in its youth?
can slow the development of young birds and cause it to show stereotypic behaviours or harmful behaviours such as self plucking
190
What are the 4 most intelligent birds?
crows, ravens, jays and parrots (brain to body ratio in parrots/crows // psittacines/corvines is comparable to that of higher primates)
191
What do birds use as their seat of intelligence?
medio-rostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale
192
What part of a birds brain is similar to that of humans?
the lower part (temporal lobe/cerebellum?)
193
Who was alex the african grey parrot?
trained to use words to identify objects, describe them, count and answer complex questions with 80% accuracy (smartest parrot in the world)
194
How do parrots speak?
they don't have vocal cords however they make sound by expelling air across the mouth/top of the bifurcated trachea (can change the depth and shape of the trachea to make different sounds)
195
Who was n'kisi the african grey parrot?
could speak about 1000 words and was able to invent and use words in context and in the correct tense
196
How were dogs domesticated?
unintentionally, when wolves adapted to the new ecological niche -- the village (favoured less timid wolves with a higher tolerance for humans)
197
What is the lifespan of crows?
about 4-6 years in the wild, 14-20 in captivity approx.
