Midterm 1

Question 1

Describe the major divisions of the brain (e.g., 3-segmented and 5-segmented brain).

Answer 1

3 Primary Vesicles: Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrains
5 Brain Divisions: Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, and Myelencephalon

Question 2

Forebrain

Answer 2

Precencephalon
In cerebral cortex
Responsible for your sensory, motor, and association cortex

Question 3

Midbrain

Answer 3

Mesencephalon
Periaqueductal gray (natural pain management)
Substantial nigra (motor output pathway, Parkinson’s disease)
Superior and inferior colliculi (visual and auditory stimuli)
Ventral legmental area (pleasure and substance abuse)

Question 4

Hindbrain

Answer 4

Rhombencephalon
Pons: balance motion sickness
Cerebellum (voluntary movements, muscle tone, balance, speech, motion sickness, executive functions, and emotional processing)
Motor coordination

Question 5

Medulla

Answer 5

Myelencephalon
Responsible for breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
Reticular info (consciousness, arousal, movement, pain)
Autonomic nervous system
The endocrine system (hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal)

Question 6

Diencephalon

Answer 6

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and retina

Question 7

4 Lobes in the Brain

Answer 7

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Question 8

Frontal Lobe

Answer 8

motor, speech production, executive function, personality, planning, strategizing, impulse control

Question 9

Temporal lobe

Answer 9

Memory, learning, emotion, hearing

Question 10

Occipital lobe

Answer 10

Vision

Question 11

Parietal Lobe

Answer 11

Touch Perception, Body orientation and sensory discrimination

Question 12

Gyri

Answer 12

bumps or hills on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex

Question 13

Sulci

Answer 13

Grooves or valley in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex

Question 14

Fissure

Answer 14

Large sulcus

Question 15

Imaging Techniques

Answer 15

Computerized tomography (CT)
Positronemission tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI)
Function (fMRI)

Question 16

Computerized tomography (CT)

Answer 16

Fore-structure
High resolution images of soft tissue of the brain
Has lots of exposure

Question 17

Positronemission tomography (PET)

Answer 17

Radio activity
Measures brain activity by glucose and oxygen
Pros: 1st to provide info of brain active
Cons: exposure to radioactive tracer, less resolution

Question 18

Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI)

Answer 18

Structure + magnetic + high resolution
Cons: stronger magnets can affect behavior and safety

Question 19

fMRI

Answer 19

Uses series of images in a short time to analyze brain activity

Question 20

Glia cells

Answer 20

Cells that support the activity of neurons
Soma cell body
Myelin: secreted by glial cells, fatty tissue that surrounds axons, provides electrical insulation and support
CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells
Myelin gaps: Node of Ranvier
Multiple sclerosis: where myelin is destroyed

Question 21

What is resting member potential and what causes it?

Answer 21

The difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane of a neuron at rest.
Resting potential is around -70 mV

Question 22

What is an action potential and how does it move down the axon?

Answer 22

When a cell is depolarized to threshold, an action potential is produced.
The opening of sodium channels and potassium channels in the neural membrane accounts for the rise and fall seen in a recording of an action potential.
Action potentials are all-or-none.

Question 23

How and where is an action potential initiated?

Answer 23

A chain of events.
When the action potential reaches the terminals it passes the message on to the next cell “in line”.

Question 24

What are the primary neurotransmitters?