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Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Bioenergentics

A

Study of energy transfer via chemical reactions in living tissues

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2
Q

Thermodynamics and forms of energy

A

Focuses on movement/ transfer of energy
-heat
-chemical
-mechanical
-electrical

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3
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed. Only transferred from one form to another

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4
Q

What factors effect the efficiency of energy transfer

A

-Age
-genetics
-fat density
-pH
-speed of reaction
-fatigue

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5
Q

Why don’t we store large amounts of ATP

A

Large and heavy
-consume 1 kg per hour at rest
-rate of consumption increase 100-fold during exercise

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6
Q

What to asses in supplements

A

-Purity
-Dosage
-blood content
-target tissue effects

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7
Q

Purpose of enzymes

A

Increase rate of chemical reactions
-do not cause reaction
-do not alter free energy change
-lower “activation energy” required

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8
Q

Factors affecting enzyme acitivty

A

-substrate concentration
-modulators
-temperature
-pH

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9
Q

Concentration effects on rate of reactions

A

-At low [S], [S] determines RoR
-At high [S], [E] determines max RoR

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10
Q

What is the optimal temperature

A

38

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11
Q

What is the optimal pH

A

7

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12
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules

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13
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules

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14
Q

Key tissues of metabolism

A

skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver

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15
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of 1 glucose to form 2 pyruvate

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16
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of 1 “glucose unit” from glycogen to form glucose-1-phosphate

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17
Q

When do we rely on non-oxidative glycolysis

A

-Intense exercise
-‘rest-to-work’ transition
-workload transitions in exercise

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18
Q

Why is increased lactic acid a potential problem

A

Lactic acid -> H+ + lactate-
-decreased muscle pH
-metabolic inhibition
-contractile inhibition

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19
Q

What factors other than exercise increase lactic acid

A

-issues with PDH
-decreased in mitochondrial density
-hormonal changes

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20
Q

Def: Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of “new glucose” from metabolic intermediates

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21
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through the phosphagen system

A

10

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22
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through the glycolytic system

A

5

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23
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through the Oxidative glycolytic system

A

2.5

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24
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through oxidation of fats

A

1.5

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25
What are the usable capacities of the various energy systems
Phosphagen: less than 15 sec Glycolytic: less than 60 sec Oxidative (CHO): about 90 min Oxidative (FAT): days
26
Factors that regulate energy provision
-ATP/ADP ratio -Calcium and other metabolites -hormones
27
Energy contributions during maximal exercise
PCr/non-ox/ox 5 sec: 85/10/5 30 sec: 30/50/20 2 min: 5/45/50 - cross over to more aerobic than anaerobic 5 min: <1/20/80 3 hours: <1/<1/99
28
How to determine relative anaerobic system use
muscle biopsy to determine levels of lactate in the muscle
29
Why might blood and muscle lactate differ
-time delay -Buffers - H+ ions being grabbed -where the blood is being taken from
30
How can a muscle biopsy be used to determine total "anaerobic" energy production?
PHOSPHAGEN -change in PCr (1:1) GLYCOLYTIC -change in lactate [1:1 (glucose), 2:3 (glycogen)]
31
Def: Calorimetry
Quantification of energy production by the body
32
Direct measure of aerobic metabolism
-based on measures of heat production 1Kcal= increase of 1kg of water by 1 degree C
33
Indirect measure of aerobic metabolism
SPIROMETRY -based on measure of oxygen utilization -O2 uptake of 1.0L = 5Kcal
34
Respiratory exchange ratio
VCO2/VO2 -RER of 1 = 100% glucose -RER of 0.7 = 100% fat -RER of 0.85 = 50% each
35
What are the assumptions of RER
-No protein contributions -"steady-state" conditions
36
What are the limitations of RER
-intense exercise -hyperventilation
37
Criteria for determining VO2max
1. Plateau in VO2 demonstrated 2. Reach age-predicted max HR 3. High blood [lactate] -8x rest 4. RER>1 5. Voluntary exhaustion
38
what does O2 Uptake refer to
the rate of O2 utilization by the body
39
Def:VO2
volume of O2 consumed per minute
40
What are the units for absolute VO2
L/min or mL/min
41
What are the units for relative VO2
mL/kg/min
42
What is the average resting VO2
0.2-0.3 L/min or 250 mL/min
43
What is one metabolic equivalent and where does the number come form
about 3.5 mL O2/kg/min -comes from the average relative O2 consumption at rest
44
Ways to estimate energy expenditure
1. assume VO2 = 3.5 mL O2/kg/min 2. Measure VO2 -convert L/min to Kcal/min (1L= 5Kcal) to Kcal/day
45
Def: VO2max
maximal rate of O2 consumption by the body -reflects highest rate of oxidative metabolism
46
Determinants of VO2max
-O2 delivery to muscle -O2 utilization by muscle
47
Typical VO2max values for sedentary individuals
ABSOLUTE F(60kg):2 M(80kg):3 RELATIVE F(60kg): 33 M(80kg): 38
48
Typical VO2max values for active individuals
ABSOLUTE F(60kg): 2.5 M(80kg): 4.0 RELATIVE F(60kg): 42 M(80kg): 50
49
ABSOLUTE F(60kg): 2.5 M(80kg): 4.0 RELATIVE F(60kg): 42 M(80kg): 50
50
Typical VO2max values for well-trained individuals
ABSOLUTE F(60kg): 3.0 M(80kg): 4.5 RELATIVE F(60kg): 50 M(80kg): 56
51
ABSOLUTE F(60kg): 2.5 M(80kg): 4.0 RELATIVE F(60kg): 42 M(80kg): 50
52
Typical VO2max values for elite individuals
ABSOLUTE F(60kg): 4.0 M(80kg): 6.0 RELATIVE F(60kg): 67 M(80kg): 75
53
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of PCr and ADP to ATP and Cr
Creatine Kinase
54
What enzyme transports blood glucose into the cytosol
"GLUT" transport
55
What enzyme converts glucose to G6-P
Hexokinase
56
What enzyme converts glycogen to G1-P
Glycogen phophorylase
57
what enzyme coverts G6-P to pyruvate
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
58
What is produced through the process of non-oxidative glycolysis
GLUCOSE -Net production of 2 ATP - 2 NADH GLYCOGEN -Net production of 3 ATP -2 NADH
59
What enzyme converts pyruvate into lactate and what is the by-product
Lactate dehydrogenase -NAD+
60
What enzyme converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA and what are the by-product
Pyruvate dehydrogenase -NADH -CO2
61
What does Acetyl CoA combine with to enter the krebs cycle
Oxaloacetate
62
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate and what is the product
Citrate synthase citrate
63
What are the by-products of the krebs cycle
1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2 2 CO2
64
In the electron transport chain what direction are the H+ ions pumped
from the matrix to the intermembrane space
65
How many ATP are produced by 1 NADH in the ETC
3 ATP
66
How many ATP are produced by 1 FADH2 in the ETC
2 ATP
67
What are the 7 stages of lipid catabolism
1. Mobilization: TG breakdown (Lipolysis) 2. Transport: FA Circulates in blood (via albumin) 3. Uptake: FA enters muscle cytosol 4. Activation: FA "prepared for breakdown 5. Uptake: FA enters mitochondria 6. Beat-oxidation: FA broken down in mitochondria 7. Mito Oxidation: TCA cycle and ETC activity
68
What enzyme mobilizes TG
hormone-sensitive lipase
69
What enzyme controls the uptake of FA into the cytosol
FA transporter
70
How are FAs activated in the cytosol
CoA attached forming fatty acyl-CoA -requires 2 ATP
71
What enzyme transports fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria
Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase (CPT)
72
What occurs during Beta oxidation
Fatty acyl-CoA is seperated into 2C segments with each turn of the cycle -produce FADH2, NADH and acetyl CoA -requires a CoA on final spin (when cycle starts with 4C molecule) 2 acetyl CoA are left at end
73
Removal sites of amino acids
Major site: liver minor site: skeletal muscle

Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys (3 decks)

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