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Evolution > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in allele frequencies over generations

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2
Q

What are the four forces of evolution?

A

Natural selection, new mutants, migration, and genetic drift

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3
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Individuals surviving or reproducing better than others because of their alleles and resulting phenotypes

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4
Q

How do we know there was no migration that caused tusklessness in the female elephants?

A

There were no recorded migrations i think??? Idk

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5
Q

Why can we rule out new mutations being the result of the increase in tusklessness?

A

After one elephant generation, the increase that was observed is literally impossible to have happened because of tusklessness being recessive

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6
Q

What did the computer simulation for the elephants do and what did it determine?

A

Simulated the pre-Civil war populations and tested almost every reproduction possibility, found that the tusklessness at BEST hits 25% which did not match irl

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7
Q

How did they find the genes responsible for tusklessness?

A

Sequenced the genome of tuskless elephants and compared it to tucked elephants and looked to see where the major differences are

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8
Q

What was the name of the gene was controls tuskelssness in elephants?

A

AMELX

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9
Q

What is fitness?

A

How good a genotype is in an environment

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10
Q

How do you calculate the selection coefficient, s?

A

1-fitness

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11
Q

Are all mutations equally likely?

A

No, some genes have a higher mutation rate than others

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12
Q

Why don’t super viruses evolve?

A

you can’t be super virulent and transmissible because killing your host before you spread is not optimal

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13
Q

Does the ability to infect different types of hosts increase or decrease fitness?

A

INCREASE

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14
Q

Why do bats and rats have so many damn viruses?

A

They’re super diverse species that allowed the viruses to slowly adapt to that diversity

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15
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Swapping mutations

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16
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

One allele/mutation that affects SEVERAL things simultaneously

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17
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Structures that an animals ancestors once used but no longer have a use now so they’ve become irrelevant like whale legs

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18
Q

What theory does fossil geography matching up with currently similar species support?

A

Evolution duh

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19
Q

Do you remember the snail example? Describe it

A

Snails have striped shells, those with the most obvious shells were eaten by birds

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20
Q

What is the fitness equation?

A

W bar = lxmx
w bar is fitness
Lx is survivorship
Mx is mating

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21
Q

Is fitness a parameter or statistic?

A

Parameter

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22
Q

What is a midparent measurement?

A

The measurement in question (ex. Beak length) is averaged between to the two parents

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23
Q

Do you remember the finch drought example? Describe it

A

Drought fucked up a ton of finches and only left 90 survivors, an extreme bottle neck event

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24
Q

What would a midoffspring midparent graph with a slop of 0 represent?

A

The trait in question is caused by the environment, no correlation to genetics

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25
Q

What would a midoffspring midparent graph with a slope of 1 represent?

A

ALL due to genetics

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26
Q

Why wasn’t there a big change in mean phenotype?

A
  1. The survivors were mostly of that size anyways
  2. Their beaks could eat the seeds available
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27
Q

How can you calculate the mutation rate?

A

Count how many changes there are in phenotype

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28
Q

Are mutations usually deleterious or beneficial? You know it im just making a card

A

Deleterious obviously

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29
Q

Do different organisms have different mutation rates?

A

Yup

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30
Q

What happened when you let mutations accumulate without the effects of survival of the fittest?

A

They fucking DROP but it recovers once survival of the fittest is allowed again

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31
Q

What was the classical school of thought on variation?

A

Variation is low and harmful

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32
Q

What is the balance schools belief on variation?

A

variation is beneficial and there should be TONS

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33
Q

What is the HW equilibrium and what model is it used as?

A

P^2+2pq+q^2=1, null model

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34
Q

What is the Wahlund effect?

A

Reduction in observed heterozygosity compared to expected due to population structure, caused by selective pressure

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35
Q

What’s the equation of reduced heterozygosity? What is it quantified as?

A

FI = (HE-HO)/HE, E being expected and O being observed, quantified by the inbreeding constant

36
Q

What happens to alleles after a while?

A

Allele fixation

37
Q

What’s a good example of species bottlenecking?

A

Cheetah’s, their effective population is very small

38
Q

The smaller the population, the ___ heterogeneity

A

More

39
Q

What is effective population size?

A

Ne, the number of individuals in a theoretical population having the same magnitude of genetic drift as the actual population

40
Q

What’s the equation of effective population size?

A

He = (4NmNf)/(Nm+Nf) or 1/Ne = 1/t SIGMA 1/Nt

41
Q

As populations increase, polymorphism ____

A

Increases

42
Q

What is the equation of mutation effects on alleles?

A

Peq=v/u+v, qeq = u/u+v
A->a rate = u, a->A rate = v

43
Q

What is the equation of allele changes considering migration?

A

P’ = (1-m)p+mp*
P’ - p frequency in migration origin
P - p frequency in migration destination
Q’ - q frequency in migration origin
Q - q frequency in migration destination
M - migration rate

44
Q

What are the equations of fitness for all 3 genotypes? (AA, Aa, aa)

A

MAALAA
MAaLAa
MaaLaa

45
Q

What is the equation of average fitness?

A

W bar = wAAp^2 + wAa2pq + waaq^2

46
Q

What does particulate inheritance go against?

A

Blending inheritance

47
Q

With more loci affecting a gene, there are ____ intermediates

A

More

48
Q

What’s the breeder’s equation?

A

R = h^2 S
H^2 = heritable variation (narrow sense)
S = Selection
R = response to selection

49
Q

What is the possible range of h^2?

A

0 to 1

50
Q

What is the equation of h^2 BROAD sense?

A

VG/VP or VG/VG+VE

51
Q

What are the 3 components of VG?

A

VA, VD, VI, additive dominant Epistatic effects on alleles, VA IS MOST IMPORTANT

52
Q

What is the equation of h^2 NARROW SENSE

A

VA/VP

53
Q

Are broad sense and narrow sense equal?

A

Yup

54
Q

What is the h^2 really measuring?

A

genetic variation / phenotypic variation

55
Q

What is the slope of a midparent offspring regression?

A

H^2Normal, if the slope is 0 that means theres no heritability

56
Q

What are the two components of VP?

A

VG + VEnvironment

57
Q

What do gene environment correlations do to h2?

A

Inflate estimates of h2 in wild populations

58
Q

What is a selection differential?

A

Difference between means of t bar and t, t is after selection is applied

59
Q

What is a selection gradient?

A

Slope comparing relative fitness and a trait

60
Q

What do additive gene graphs look like?

A

A positive slope, +0.5 per A allele

61
Q

What do dominant gene graphs look like?

A

0 at aa, +1 at Aa and AA

62
Q

In sexually reproducing species, parents transmit ___ not ___

A

Alleles not genotypes

63
Q

What is VG?

A

The average affect of an allele on offspring phenotype

64
Q

What would the differential and gradient graph look like if selection was stronger?

A

Farther for differential, steeper for gradient

65
Q

What would the differential and gradient graphs look like with weaker selection?

A

Closer for differential, less steep for gradient

66
Q

Why is relative fitness measured?

A

It scales fitness based on average survival

67
Q

What is another word for R, response to selection?

A

Evolution

68
Q

What is a QTL?

A

Quantitative trait loci

69
Q

What’s a manhattan plot used for?

A

Finding QTLs

70
Q

How can you tell if a graph describes selection versus heritability?

A

Heritability compares parents and children, selection discusses fitness

71
Q

How can you tell if a QTL affects a trait?

A

Different alleles of that QTL affect that trait and cause a change

72
Q

More markers leads to ___ resolution

A

Higher

73
Q

What does LOD mean?

A

log of the odds

74
Q

Can QTLs that affect different traits be coinherited?

A

Absolutely

75
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Large or small trait values

76
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Intermediate trait values

77
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Extreme trait values

78
Q

What is the only thing that causes adaptation?

A

Selection

79
Q

How do you demonstrate a trait is an adaptation?

A

Experiment with the isolated trait

80
Q

What makes a good test for the adaptive hypotheses?

A

Good controls, randomization, sufficiently large sample sizes

81
Q

What is the comparative method?

A

Comparing traits between different groups (ex. Bigger bat groups have bigger balls cus of sperm competition) requires a phylogenetic tree as well

82
Q

What are things that constrain evolution?

A

Trade offs of resources

83
Q

Do you need to know the underlying genes to demonstrate that a trait is an adaptation?

A

NOPE

84
Q

What’s the equation for s, the selection coefficient?

A

1-w=s

85
Q

Are marker loci used to find the QTL or is the QTL used to find the marker loci?

A

Marker to find QTL

Evolution (4 decks)

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