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MCDB 135 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

benign

A

-grows slowly
-low mitotic index
-well-defined border
-not invasive
-doesn’t metastasize
-can be removed surgically

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2
Q

malignant

A

-grows rapidly
-high mitotic index
-not defined/not encapsulated
-invasive
-spreads distantly (metastasis)

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3
Q

solid tumors

A

-epithelia (carcinoma)
-connective tissue (sarcomas)
-nervous system (neuroectodermal tumors)

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4
Q

diffuse tumors

A

blood tumors
-leukemia, lymphoma

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5
Q

somatic mutation theory (SMT)

A

-mutations gives cell a growth advantage
-leads to clonal expansion
-successive mutations giving greater advantages and more clonal expansion

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6
Q

cancer in the context of evolution

A
  1. mutation gives cell competitive advantage
  2. selective pressures from body prevent mutation from growing
  3. the only cells that survive are the ones that randomly mutate to be resistant
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7
Q

driver mutation

A

causes/contributes to oncogenesis

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8
Q

passenger mutation

A

accumulate due to poor genome maintenance in cancer cells, but incidental to cancer phenotype
-outnumber driver mutations

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9
Q

cancer=mutation+opportunity

A

-not every cell with a mutation becomes cancer
-not every cell with an oncogenic mutation becomes cancer

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10
Q

what are experimental models to study cancer?

A

-cell culture (yeast, bacteria)
-animals: genetically induce cancer or transplant human cancers into immunocompromised animals
-humans (organoids, genetics)

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11
Q

functional analysis of potentially cancerous mutations

A

is it necessary?
-remove a part and see if processes are turned off
is it sufficient?
-add one thing and see if process is turned on

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12
Q

necessity tests-how to remove a gene or protein?

A

-gene knockouts
-interference with RNA (knockdowns)
-interference with protein (function blocking antibody, dominant-interference

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13
Q

sufficiency tests-how to add a gene or protein?

A

-gene: deliver gene construct that results in gene expression
-RNA: inject X into mRNA
-protein: inject X protein

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14
Q

reverse transcriptase PCR (rtPCR)

A

-isolate cells, then mRNA
-reverse transcribe mRNA to cDNA
-use primers to amplify specific regions
-measure output thru gel, fluorescence, etc

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15
Q

in situ hybridization

A

-fix whole tissue
-use a probe that is the DNA sequence reverse complement of gene being tested
-tells spatial where the gene is located

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16
Q

RNAseq

A

-isolate mRNA
-PCR to cDNA and add adapters sequence
-map result back to the genome

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17
Q

western blot

A

-separates protein by size
-uses a fluorescent antibody to target specific protein

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18
Q

flow cytometry

A

cells of interest are labeled with antibodies and sorted using a laser

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19
Q

immunohisochemistry(IHC)/ immunoflurescence

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A

-primary antibody binds to antigen of interest
-2nd antibody is fluoresently labeled
-can see where antigen is located

20
Q

immunnoprecipitation

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A

isolation of proteins and other biomolecules from cell or tissue lysates for the purpose of subsequent detection by western blotting and other assay techniques.

21
Q

cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)

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A

add a phosphate group to proteins to activate or inactivate them
-always present in a cell
-default function is inactive
-only active when bound to a specific cyclin

22
Q

cyclins

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A

activate CDKs
-specific cyclins are made at specific times

23
Q

Wee1 kinase

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A

inhibitory phosphorylation

24
Q

cdc25 phosphatase

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A

removal of inhibitory phosphorylation

25
CAK
activating phosphorylation
26
spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)
misalignment of chromosomes prevents CDK from activating APC -alignment of chromosomes is detected by a conformational change in proteins on the chromosome caused by microtubule attachment and tension (during metaphase) -prevents cell from going into anaphase until all chromosomes are aligned
27
oncogene
encodes a protein that can cause cancer
28
proto-oncogene
"normal" unmutated version of an oncogene
29
Her2
receptor that regulates cell growth and division
30
ligand
small protein or molecule
31
receptor
transmembrane protein that binds to extracellular cue and initiates intracellular signals
32
effector
generally many molecules acting in cascade can cluster by protein-protein interactions motifs
33
transcription factor
regulate gene expression
34
cell signalling
-transmission from outside of cell to nucleus -fast ON and OFF -energetically cheap
35
gene expression
-slow ON and OFF -stable changes -energetically costly
36
receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
-high affinity cell surface receptors for polypeptide growth factors -causes trans-autophosphorylation -activate Ras/MAPK pathway -transient phosphorylation syncs with entry into S phase
37
EGF (epidermal growth factor)
-small protein that stimulates epithelial cell division -binds to EGF receptor
38
steps of RTK firing
1. specific ligand binding (EGF binds) 2. stable dimerization of RTK by EGF binding 3. trans-autophosphorylation -triggers tyr phosphorylation of downstream effectors
39
how are mitogens/RTKs linked to the cell cycle
-many growth factors signal through RTKs -activating the Ras-mediated MAPK pathway to promote proliferation
40
what are mutations in RTK firing that are oncogenic?
-mutations affecting structure: lack of ligand binding site that results in the constant dimerization and phosphorylation of the tyr kinase domain -mutations causing overexpression: mutation in regulatory region that results in constitutive expression, results in molecular crowding and unregulated phosphorylation and unregulated cell growth
41
herceptin that targets Her2
antibody therapy -blocks cleavage of Her2, prevents signal transduction pathway -blocks dimerization, prevents signal transduction pathway -endocytosis: downregulates Her2 by bringing it inside the cell -activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: immune effector cell binds to herceptin, results in a immune attack and lysis of the tumor cell
42
oncogene
gene capable of transforming a normal cell into a tumor cell
43
v-onco
-viral oncogene -gene carried in a virus, derived from a cellular gene, promotes proliferation in infected cell
44
c-onco
-cellular oncogene -gene that promotes cellular proliferation in a controlled manner under normal situations
45
Rous experiment
1. sarcoma in a chicken is removed 2. grind up sarcoma with sand and pass thru fine pore filter -only allowed virus thru 3. inject filtrate into chicken and observe to see if tumor grows Results: discovered RSV
46
focus assay
way to measure oncogenic properties -an immunostaining technique and a variation of the viral plaque assay

MCDB 135 (1 decks)

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