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Enviromental Health 100 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(122 cards)

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1
Q

successful civilizations expand their knowledge of EH as they expand…

A

size and increase in density

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2
Q

types of barriers to prevent harm

A

physical, chemical, cognitive, laws

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3
Q

physical barriers

A

seperation from things that cause harm. Examples: defecate in areas separate from nests and dens. Water filtration

Migration- hunter gatherer tribes. migratory behavior puts distance between humans and human waste. disadvantage- risk of food shortage, difficult to maintain population size (forced to raid other tribes and kidnap)

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4
Q

Chemical Barriers

A

to kill or maim pests and pathogens.

  • Plants/insects synthesize and release hemical pesticides.
  • some mammals release chemicals to disuafe predators
  • humans use pesticides to use in agriculture, residential areas to control pests, antimicrobial products to kill bacteria
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5
Q

Cognative Barriers

A

humans use stories, rules and shared beliefs to seperate themselves frm things that harm

  • origin stories
  • worldviews
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6
Q

Laws- Barrier to harm

A

rules to control behavior

  • dietary practives
  • marriage
  • interaction between peple wintin and outside of group
  • group dress
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7
Q

Minoans

A

1700 BCE. Island of Crete and Santorini

Water- aquaducts. seage pipes, indoor toilets
Waste managment- large stone lines pits

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8
Q

Main public health stradegies to seperate humans from toxins and pathogens

A

water distribution system
food distribution system
waste managment system
vector and pest control

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9
Q

New challenges of agriculture in FOOD Storge

A

Before agriculture: food storage bins, meat stored by ice

After agriculture: production of food: domestication- selection of favorbale trats of plants- seeds dont scatter, must be continuably planted. storage- development of large storage facilities

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10
Q

Ways to protect food from pests and predators

A

Physical: Slash and brun
Chemical: Pesticides
Biological: Dogs and cats

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11
Q

New Psychological challenges of agriculture

A

Strangers emerged.
exceeds man’s ability to recognize individuals.
populations fractures into smaller subgroups evolved different worldviews and social structures
oppotunity for compettition

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12
Q

Roman Empire

A

built sophistcated infrastructure: roads, bridges, aqueducts, then central government collapsed ans infrastructure decayed.

Charelymagne (post-roman empire)- focused on conquering tribes rather than building infrastructure.

Europe fuedal system developed

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13
Q

Fuedal system

A

clergy= spiritual protection
nobles= physical protection
everyone else does work

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14
Q

Political Riots of 1830 and 1848 France

A

Failure to maintain infrastruction–> political unrest i

citizen rioted

streets filled with filth (raw sewage, garbage, corpese)

Government responded- constructed paris sweres, they are really proud fo them now.

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15
Q

Cahokia

A

Example of a society that failed to solve their envirnmental degradation probelms

1000AD

largest city in North America, giant monuments, maize turkey and game

Probably causes for collapse:
deforestation
air pollution
food supply limited
waste accumulation
malnutrition and diesas
population large enought to support epedemics
worldview could not provide solutions when challenged by climate change
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16
Q

Iceland and Greenland

A

Example of a society that failed to solve their envirnmental degradation probelms

deforestation and damage to soil.
poor relationship with natives

worldview gave false perception of the environment

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17
Q

Events that improved the improtance of cleanliness

A

19th century epidemics (Cholera and Typhoid)

US Civil War- tons of men died from infection during the war

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18
Q

United States Sanitary Commision

A

created by congress because of urging of Womens Central Releif Association of NY- dedicated to support sick and wounded soldiers. Raised funds through “sanitary fairs”

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19
Q

implications of US Sanitary Commision

A

Now- inpectes military camps and hospitals
War changed nursing- by end of war most nurses were women

Civil Engineers- flood control, swerers, water treatment plants

sanitary movemnts- women become agents of cleanliness- teach hygines, public health nurses, cleaning kids

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20
Q

Women’s Christian Temerance Union

A

Carrie Nation

use force to stop drunkeness

Prohibition

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21
Q

Problems with 18th amendment

A

bootlegging and breaking the law became fashionable

women and men frequent speakeasies
growth of organized crime
use of alcohol for relgious and medicine- increase curch attendance. many poeple became wine maters

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22
Q

Why repeal of 18th amendment?

A

economics and morality

economics- 70% of taz revenue came from alcohol sales. Federal income taxes initiated to make up loss. Du Pont brothers hated income tax

Moral argument- children see public disregard for the law. Womens organization for National Prohibition Reform

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23
Q

Conservation movement

A

Rachael Carson- Silent Spring. DDT, eggshells.

SB oil spill
Cuyahoga River cuahgt fire
1970 Earth Day- biggest demonstration in US history

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24
Q

Federal EPA

A

serve as administrator of all the federal environmental programs with rule making authority. States establish State EPAs

Authority: 
deny funds to states
search and seizure
whistle blower protections
requires monitoring
requires inventories of pollutants release be made public
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25
National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
create national policy to encourage harmnius relationship between man and environment promote effots to prevnet or elimitate damage to environment enrich understanding of ecological systems establish counsil on environmental quality to aid president
26
Environmental Quality Report
president must transmit to congress annual environemntal quality reprot
27
Environmental Impact Statement
required to identify potential negative impacts of a project on the environment- take impacts into consideration in building projects environmental inventory, assessment, evaluation of impact,
28
critical elements of federal environmental law
based on the power of congress to regulate interstate commerce epa right to authorize- injunction reliefe against pollution, civil and criminal penaltiesm citizens lawsuits, citizens right of action
29
Clean Air Act
1970 regulates air emissions0 area, stationary, mobile sources establishes national ambent air quality standards
30
Clean Water Act
1972 regulatory and enforcement program for discharge of pollutants
31
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act
1972 governs sale and distribution and use of pesticides
32
Ocean Dumping Act
1972 regulates intentional disposal of materials into ocean waters
33
Safe drinking water act
1974 establishes primary drinking water standards
34
toxic substance control act
1976 rewuires testing, regulating screening of chemicals asbesos in schools monitoring of radon in schools
35
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1976-solid and hazardous waste from cradle to grave
36
Environmental Reserach and Develpment Act
1976-EPA research programs
37
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1980
federal superfund
38
Emergency Planning and community "Right to Know"
industries to report toxic releases and encourages planning by local communitites to respond to chemical emergencies
39
Pollution Prevention Act
1990 reduction of oollutants through changes in production, operation and raw materials
40
Endangered Species Act
species= collection of individuas that have the potential to evolve and survive. originally targest species bot ecosystems (umbrella species, important for stabilizing function of ecosystem)
41
Daubert Standard 4 criteria
defined scientific knowledge- judges act as gate keepers to decide what is scientific knowledge. 1. falsifyable hypothesis 2. statistical error rate 3. peer reviewd 4. generally accepted by relevant scientific community
42
NIMBY
Not in my back yard waste industry expression- resistance of communities to serve as sites for new sanitary and hazardous landfills anf other activities that are percieved to degrade the environment
43
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Healthy Act 1970 government to develope and set mandatory occupational health and saftey standards
44
Toxic Substance Control Act
1976. established disclosure requirments form industrials on pollution use and helath and environmental effects of chemicals MSDS sheets
45
Examples of acceptable evidence by Daubert Standards...
- DNA sequences to prove paternity or maternity | - Pollution of heavy metals can be traced to a particular source by tracking isotope
46
9 main public health efforts in 20th century
1. immunizations 2. motor-vehicle safety 3. control of infectious disease 4. declines in deaths from heart disease and stoke 5. safer and healthier foods 6. healthier mothers and babies 7. family planning 8. fluridation of drinking water 9. recognition of tobacco as a health hazard
47
environmental stressors
psychosocial, biological, physical and chemical exposures that reduce the quality of health
48
suburbs environmental stressors
drive everywhere- obesity, injury in accidents, isolation-depresion.
49
city environmental stressors
higher levels of air pollution and noise, asthma, lead poisoning, phyiscal injuries from crime and depresion. aging infrastructures- high levels of drinking water pollutants. heat island effect- physical environmental stressor
50
environmental justice
fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people with respect to the development and implamentation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies. all citizens should share the same level of hazard exposure no matter where they live
51
NHANES- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
annual measurments of wide range of chemicals in blood and urine of individuals in many different geographic regions
52
Moving to Opportunity
Department of Housing and Urban Development. Assess the impact of total neighborhood environments on future economic and academic success in children. Major impacts: reduction in adult obesity, depressing and psychological distress In children- reduction in anxiety only decreased in girls
53
The broken window theory
signs of disorder like broken windowns, graffiti and liter induces other types of diorder like petty crime.
54
built environment
how topography and variations in human built environments impact health. efforts to use architectural designs and urban planning to improve health
55
Health Impact Assessment
Not mandatory. effect of a proposed project on the health of a community.
56
Job stress
increases risk of cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal and psychological disorders, workplace injuries, suicide, cancer, ulcers and impaire immune funtion. Unemplyment is also stressfull- depression. (it is more stressful than employment)
57
Biology of Psychological Stress
damage hippocampus. PTSD- smaller hippocampus tip of telomeres stress suppresses the immune system
58
Biology of Fear
amygdala- action at the sight of a percieved threat.
59
Biology of loneliness
deoressed immune systems, more inflammation, heart disease and depression and shorter lives. Both loneliness and fear can spread like epidemics
60
Bed bugs
do not transmit dieases. leaves red welt on skin. can survive for a year between blood feeds. developed resistance to most pesticides when DDT was used on them.
61
Cats
cat-scratch disease- necrotizing inflammation of lymph nodes | trench fever- epedemic infection in WWII carried by lice, developes in immunocompromised patients
62
Fleas
humid, warm environments that permit larval development, vectors of several diseases. young children are more sensitive.
63
Rodents
lots of bacterial and virus dieseases. the most destructive mammal on the planet. most successful in exploiting human territorial expansion and resources.
64
Bubonic Plague
spread by rats. Boubon is Greek for groin. Spread because of the Silk Road from Koreas to Turkey. outbreak in 1345 in china- spread west along the silk road. spread to europe through italian merchants Firtst year of the outbreak, killed 1/3 of the population. decimated power structure- fuedal system-- intellectualism
65
3 types of bubonic plague
1. simple 2. pneumonic 3. septicemic
66
Lice
head lice, public lice, body lice. attracted to body heat
67
Ticks
external parsites. transmit bacteria, viruses. lye disease, ehrilichoises, babesiosis, rocky mountain spotten fever, tularemia, replasing fever.
68
Mosquitoes
malaria, yellow fever, west nile encephalitis, equine encephalitis, st louis encephalitis, dog heartworm
69
MRSA
antibiotic resistant bacteria. acquired through skin to skin contact. can liner in showers, on towels and excersize equipment. beaches.
70
Adverse effect of noise
change in morphology of physiology rsulting in: impaire function inability to compensate for stress increase in susceptibility fo other stressors ``` adverse health effects hearing loss interference wih speech recognition sleep diturbance psychophysological stress, mental health ```
71
middle ear
malleus incus (anvil) stapes
72
inner ear
cochlea. sensory hair cells arrnaged in rows (specialized microvilli- stereocilia)
73
frequency threshold curve
threshold of most senstive neurons determine the level when sound is percieved
74
cochlea. How ear works
sound amplification- air pressure presses on the oval windon. moves fluid which pushes nasilar membrane. outer hair cells amplify the motion, increases sensitivity of sound, vibrations cause Ca2 challens to open, causes glutamate activates adjacent auditory neurons which sends impluse to brain
75
How thresholds are effected by age and sex
increase with age | more severe for males
76
workplace factors contibuting to hearing loss
intensity frequency total work duration
77
permisaable levels of noise exposure
OSHA- depends on duration and sound level
78
Temporary threshold shifts
decrease in blood supply to outer row of hair cells, metabolic fatigue and swelling od adjacent nerves not permanently damaging
79
Permanent threshold shifts
loss ot sterocilia, death of inner and outer hair cells and damage to adjacent nerves
80
Tinnitus
coninual exposure to high intensity sound. constant ringing or buzzing in ears. phontom noise.
81
Control of community noise
sheilded using natural barriers | air temperature effects hoise
82
Ergonomic injury in workplace
muskuloskeletal diorders that arise from repetitive tasks strains, tears, overuse injuries, joint injuries, peripheral nerve injuries, tendon inuries. examples: bike seat
83
Toxin
natural chemicals or biological origin that cause biological damage examples: snake venom, plant posion
84
Toxicant
toxic synthestic chemicals that enter the environment directly or indirectly from degraded manufactured products
85
Xenobiotic
chemicals that are not synthesized by natural means. pesticides, PCBs and phthalates
86
ethics of surveillance
collecting data on incidence of disease and biomarker determinants of the disease. it is not research, it is preventing disease and injury to improve the health of communitites, do not need to give informed consent.
87
types of biomarkers
exposure- an exogenous substance, its metabolit or product of an interaction. (DNA adducts demonstrate intracellular exposure) effect- biochemical, physiological or other alteration wintin an organism that can be recognized as a potential healt impairement (antibodies in blood serum) suceptibility- indicator of inherent or acquired limitation of organims ability to respond to exposure
88
Leading work related diseases and injuries
1. lung disease (asbestos, coal workers, asthma) 2. musculoskeletal injury (ergonomic) 3. cancers other than lung 4. severe injury (amputations, fractures, lacerations) 5. cardiovascular disease (hypertention)
89
3 hazardous occupations
Mining Agriculture Construction
90
PELs
Permissable Exposure Limits. Set by OSHA Sets short term exposure limits (STEL) and Long term
91
Lead advisory for children, CDC
Blood level 10 ug/dL
92
Toxicity
capactity to produce harm at some concentraion or intensity
93
Hazard
probabaility
94
Toxicokinetics
what the body does to a toxic chemical
95
Toxicodynamics
study of what a toxic does to the body
96
Absorption
entry of a toxin into the body. epithelium. epithelial layer becomes keratinized.
97
Keratinocyte
major cell in epidermis. arise from stem cells in basal layer and move upward. sloughed off (complete renewal ever 28 days)
98
skin permeation coefficient
the ability of chemicals to permeate the skin
99
which exposure sites route to the liver?
stomach, ileum, colon, suppository, intraperitoneal
100
which exposure sites do not route to the liver?
skin, buccal, jejunum, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intravenous, intravaginal, inhalation
101
Bioaccumulation
The ability to retain exogenous chemicals
102
body burden
the total amount of an exogenouse chemical that is retained in the body
103
Biotransformation
the bodies ability to change the structure of a toxin alters its toxiscity
104
Phase 1
Cytochroms P450 Metabolism. Exposure to chemicals stimulates synthesis of CYP enzymes. -oxidation of foreign hydrophobic molucules to more water soluble forms (easier to excrete) -catalyze key reactions in normal steroidogenesis -activating vitamins detoxification -activate carcinogens
105
Phase !!
Conjugation. adds polar groups to lipid soluble chemicals to make them more water soluble.rate is idependent of phase 1.
106
excretion of toxins
mainly though kidneys and intestine in urin, feces, exhalation, sweat, milk, sloughing skin and hiar. Kidneys are particularly suceptible to toxic damage- to water soluble toxins. kidneys do not regenerate like liver cells do. Liver is the major site of biotransformation
107
Toxicodynamics
How toxic agents cause injury
108
site specific toxicity
damage cells at the site of entry. Toxins can be like a trojan horseusing cell transporters to carry them into the cell. examples- ozone damage to lungs, iron damage to GI tract.
109
Generation of Radical Oxygen Species
ROS- Reactive Oxygen Species= superoxide ions, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. example: Iron- ferric form of iron is less soluble that the ferrous form.
110
Health effects of radicals
damage to macromolecules. (OH is the most dangerous)- like membranes, DNA and proteins. Damage of fatty acids and membranes with free radicals- Tissue damage- fibrosis- excessive formation of collagen fibers and other componenets of the extracellular matrix. Disruption of Mitrochondrial Energy- electron transport chain is a target of toxins Disruption of Ion Channels- Binding to Macromolecules Inactivation of Enzymes and Receptors Immunological Alterations Inflamation
111
Fibrosis
Liver- from excessive consumption of ethanol. iron, and others Pulmonary- elevated concentrations of oxygen, inhalation of minerals, asbestos,
112
hyperplasia
controlled increase in cell division. stimulated by hormoes and injry. not malignant, but increase in cell division increases probability that cell with unrepaired DNA damage will fix the damage-- increases risk of cancer
113
Atrophy
cells shrink in size and number under certain conditions.
114
Metaplasia
type of mature cell being replaced by a different mature cell type.
115
Aplasia
failure of an organ to develop.
116
Hypoplasia
subnormal development of an organ
117
Dystrophy
inherited disorder, leads to wasting
118
Cell waste removal
lysosomes intracellular membrane vesicles that contain enzymes for degrading unwated molecules.
119
Apoptosis
cell suicide. genetically programmed process cells fragment into smallvesicles removed as debris by macrophage
120
Necrosis
cell death. accidental and not genetically programmed. caused by toxic agents.
121
autophagy
cells starved of nutrients. recycling themselves
122
Ultimate Toxin
the chemical structure responsible for the adverse health effect.

Enviromental Health 100 (1 decks)

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