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PSYCH 105 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism:

A

Using evidence from the senses as the basis for conclusions.

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2
Q

Demand Characteristics:

A

Aspects of an observational setting that make people behave as they think they should.

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3
Q

Case Study:

A

A descriptive research method that involves intensive examination of a specific person.

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4
Q

Population:

A

The entire set of individuals about whom we wish to draw a conclusion.

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5
Q

Sample:

A

A subset of individuals drawn from a population.

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6
Q

Representative Sample:

A

A sample that reflects the important characteristics of the population.

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7
Q

Correlation coefficient:

A

Ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. Sign indicates direction, absolute value indicates strength.

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8
Q

Experimental Research:

A

Manipulation of one variable and measuring changes in another variable while holding all other factors constant.

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9
Q

Syntax:

A

Word order.

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10
Q

Semantics:

A

The meaning of words and sentences.

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11
Q

Generativity:

A

The combination of symbols to generate infinite messages.

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12
Q

Displacement:

A

The ability to communicate things not physically present (past/future tense).

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13
Q

Surface Structure of Language:

A

The ways symbols are combined.

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14
Q

Deep Structure of Language:

A

The underlying meaning of combined symbols.

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15
Q

Morphemes:

A

The smallest units of meaning made of a combination of phonemes.

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16
Q

Phonemes:

A

Smallest units of sound recognizes as separate. There are 44 in the English Language.

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17
Q

Language of Infants (1-3 months):

A

Vocalize entire range of phonemes. Cooing.

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18
Q

Language of infants (6-12 months):

A

Discriminate sounds specific to their native language. Babbling and first words.

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19
Q

Wernicke’s Area of the brain:

A

Speech understanding.

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20
Q

Broca’s Area of the Brain:

A

Speech formation.

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21
Q

What are the criteria for a language?

A

Semantics, arbitrariness, displacement, productivity, cultural transmission.

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22
Q

Analogical representations of mental state:

A

Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent.

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23
Q

Symbolic representations of mental state:

A

Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas.

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24
Q

Propositional Thought:

A

Expression of a statement.

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25
Imaginal Thought:
Images that we can see, hear, or feel in our mind.
26
Motoric Thought:
Mental representations of motor movements.
27
Prototypes:
The “best” example which notes similarities.
28
Exemplar:
All examples compared to a new example. Experience.
29
Schema:
A mental blueprint of ways we organize knowledge into a mental concept.
30
Scrips:
Schema that directs behaviour over time within a situation. Schemas can lead to stereotypes.
31
Problem Solving Goals:
1. Framing 2. Generating Solutions 3. Testing the Solution 4. Evaluating Results
32
Algorithms:
Automatically generate correct solutions.
33
Heuristic:
General problem-solving strategies.
34
The first intellectual tests were developed by…
Chinese civil service.
35
Sir Francis Galton:
He quantified mental ability and believed it was inherited. He was influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution.
36
Binet and Simon:
Produced the first psychological intelligence tests. Binet assumed mental abilities develop with age.
37
Mental Age:
A child’s intellectual standing compared to peers of the same age.
38
Stern’s Intelligence Quotient:
Mental age/chronological age * 100
39
Lewis Terman:
He revised Binet’s tests for the army.
40
David Wechsler:
Created the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
41
Psychometric Approach:
Attempts to map intelligence and performance.
42
Achievement vs Aptitude Tests:
How much someone knows vs their potential for future learning.
43
G Factor:
General intelligence.
44
Charles Spearmen:
Hypothesized g factor. Low g was related to heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and drowning.
45
Fluid intelligence:
Dealing with novel situations without previous knowledge.
46
Crystallized Intelligence:
Application of previously learnt knowledge.
47
The Flynn Effect:
General IQ scores of a population increasing over time.
48
Standards for intelligence tests:
Test retest reliability, internal consistency, inter judge reliability, construct validity, content validity, criterion related.
49
J. Philippe Rushton:
A racist eugéniste who believed intelligence was determined by race.
50
Cross-Sectional Design:
Comparing subjects of different cohorts at the same time.
51
Issues with Cross-Sectional Design:
Different life experiences, generational experiences, environmental changes, and cultural changes.
52
Longitudinal Design:
Measure the same set of participants over a long period of time.
53
Issues with longitudinal design:
Time consuming, funding issues, participants may fall through, validity.
54
Sequential Design:
Measuring the same set of multiple cohorts over a long period of time. A blending of cross-sectional and longitudinal design.
55
Advantages to sequential design:
Comprehensive, accurate over a lifespan.
56
Germinal stage of Prenatal Development:
First two weeks, zygote formation, attaches to uterine wall.
57
Embryonic stage of Prenatal Development:
Weeks 2-8, embryo developing, placenta and umbilical cord present, heart beat, brain formation.
58
Fetal stage of Prenatal Development:
Weeks 9-40, becomes a fetus, muscles organs and systems develop, viability is found on the 28th week.
59
What in the Y sex chromosome makes someone a boy?
TDF (testis determining factor) is in the Y chromosome which initiates development of the testis which secrete androgen. This occurs in weeks 6-8 of pregnancy.
60
Environmental Factors Affecting prenatal Development:
Environmental agents (teratogens) like mercury, lead, radiation, nicotine. -> Abnormal prenatal development Maternal malnutrition -> Miscarriage , prematurity, stillbirth, abnormal brain development Maternal Stress -> Prematurity, infant irritability, ADHD STIs -> Infant STIs, brain damage, blindness, deafness
61
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder:
Physical, cognitive and behavioural deficits. Severe developmental abnormalities like facial abnormalities, underdeveloped brains and psychological/social impairments.
62
Newborn Vision:
Nearsighted, continuous development of visual acuity and stage-like development of discriminating features, few colours->full range in three months.
63
Habituation:
Recognize familiar over unfamiliar faces regardless of expression.
64
Newborn Sound localisation:
Ability to localize sound: 0-2 months, reappears at 4-5 months.
65
Newborn phoneme discrimination:
Better than adults until 12 months of age, disappears.
66
Newborn music perception:
Process and remember music, consonant and dissonant patterns.
67
Proximodistal Principle:
Development proceeds from the innermost parts to the outermost parts of the body.
68
Cephalocaudal Principle:
Development is from head to foot. Why the head is large at birth.
69
Motor development is (continuous/stage-like).
Stage-like
70
Piaget’s Stage Model of Schema:
Assimilation (new experiences in existing schema), disequilibrium (new experiences defy existing schema), accommodation (schema changes), equilibrium (new experiences incorporated into new schema). This model is not very accurate.
71
Sensorimotor Stage:
0-2 years, learning through the senses, language acquisition, object permanence.
72
Preoperational Stage:
2-7 years, mental images and word association, abstract thought, pretend play, imagination, egocentric thoughts.
73
Concrete Operational Stage:
7-11 years, logic, tangible solutions, object properties stay when shape changes, abstract reasoning difficulties.
74
Formal Operational Stage:
11-12 years, logical in concrete and abstract problems, form and test hypothesis.
75
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:
(Zone of proximal development): Children can do more with assistance, provides insight to cognitive potential, others can increase a child’s cognitive development.
76
Attachment Process
Indiscriminate attachment - newborns, vocalized towards anyone. Discriminate attachment - 3 months, towards caregivers. Specific attachment behaviour - 7-8 months, meaningful attachment with primary caregivers.

PSYCH 105 (2 decks)

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